Natural pesticides ferived from plants are known as 'botanical pesticides'. Most of the Ayurvedic plants yield pesticides, which have been used in agriculture since ancient time......

Natural pesticides ferived from plants are known as 'botanical pesticides'. Most of the Ayurvedic plants yield pesticides, which have been used in agriculture since ancient time......

Open solar drying has been traditionally practiced in drying agricultural commodities in Nepal. Open sun drying are prone to the contamination of dust, insects etc. To address these problems, different types of cabinet type solar dryers are developed but are not adopted by Nepalese farmers due to high cost and unavailability of the construction materials in the remote areas. To overcome these problems the low cost solar dryer was developed and comparative testing of it with wooden and metallic (galvanized sheet (GI) sheet fabricated) solar dryer was performed for mushroom drying in Agricultural Engineering Division (AED), Khumaltar. The new model of low cost solar dryer is constructed by using the local construction material mud brick/ stone mud mortar and can be constructed of different size according to the requirement of the farmer. Only the external material used is transparent ultra violet (UV) protected polythene sheet, black board paint and GI net The cost of low cost solar dryer of size 0.8- x I ..S-m is about Rs500 where the wooden and metallic solar dryer of similar size costs about Rs2500 and 6000 respectively. The capacity of the low cost solar dryer of size 0.8- x 1.5-m is of 3 kg of mushroom drying per batch. The duration of drying of mushroom to MC level below I0% is attained within 2 days of drying. The moisture curve of the mushroom in the low cost solar dryer, metallic dryer and the wooden dryer indicated that there is no significant difference at high and low moisture level. The temperature curve of the solar dryers indicated that the rate of increase of temperature of mud dryer is less in the initial 2 hours and after this, it is found to be more than the wooden dryer. The low cost solar dryer can be one of the appropriate options in drying the agricultural commodities in the remote areas due to its performance comparable with the modem solar dryers, and low cost of construction.

Open solar drying has been traditionally practiced in drying agricultural commodities in Nepal. Open sun drying are prone to the contamination of dust, insects etc. To address these problems, different types of cabinet type solar dryers are developed but are not adopted by Nepalese farmers due to high cost and unavailability of the construction materials in the remote areas. To overcome these problems the low cost solar dryer was developed and comparative testing of it with wooden and metallic (galvanized sheet (GI) sheet fabricated) solar dryer was performed for mushroom drying in Agricultural Engineering Division (AED), Khumaltar. The new model of low cost solar dryer is constructed by using the local construction material mud brick/ stone mud mortar and can be constructed of different size according to the requirement of the farmer. Only the external material used is transparent ultra violet (UV) protected polythene sheet, black board paint and GI net The cost of low cost solar dryer of size 0.8- x I ..S-m is about Rs500 where the wooden and metallic solar dryer of similar size costs about Rs2500 and 6000 respectively. The capacity of the low cost solar dryer of size 0.8- x 1.5-m is of 3 kg of mushroom drying per batch. The duration of drying of mushroom to MC level below I0% is attained within 2 days of drying. The moisture curve of the mushroom in the low cost solar dryer, metallic dryer and the wooden dryer indicated that there is no significant difference at high and low moisture level. The temperature curve of the solar dryers indicated that the rate of increase of temperature of mud dryer is less in the initial 2 hours and after this, it is found to be more than the wooden dryer. The low cost solar dryer can be one of the appropriate options in drying the agricultural commodities in the remote areas due to its performance comparable with the modem solar dryers, and low cost of construction.

Shelling corn or maize is, in general, the responsibility of the farming woman, whether child, youth or aged. The corn shelling operation is usually carried out manually and hence, a tedious job. It consumes a lot of time, labor and energy of the women force in agriculture. Relieving these agricultural women workers from such drudgery is a major challenge for researchers and development workers in the country. Though some farmers in the country use manual corn sheller developed by Agricultural Tools Factory (ATF) at Birgunj or Development Consulting Services (DCS) at Butwal to some extent, but access to such modern corn-shelling device is beyond the imagination for the majority of the women from the rural sector. Realizing the drudgery of the rural farming community, scientists at Agricultural Engineering Division (AED) under NARC have developed different prototypes of improved tubular corn sheller including manual as well as pedal operated equipment. Various prototypes of both manual and pedal operated corn shellers were designed, fabricated and tested by the researchers at the AED. These AED prototypes of the manual corn shellers are the improved version of the lnternational Rice Research Institute (IRRI) design, while the design or the pedal corn sheller is of the AED itself During performance testing of the manual corn sheller, the shelling capacity and the efficiency were found to be 13.8 kg/h (146 cobs/hr) and 94.6% respectively at 9.2% moisture content of maize kernels. Similarly, in case or pedal operated tubular corn sheller, the shelling capacity of 27.9 kp/hr (318 cobs/hr) and the shelling efficiency of 93.1% were obtained at maize kernel moisture content of 12.7%. The shelling capacity of pedal corn sheller was 102% more than that of manual corn sheller.

Shelling corn or maize is, in general, the responsibility of the farming woman, whether child, youth or aged. The corn shelling operation is usually carried out manually and hence, a tedious job. It consumes a lot of time, labor and energy of the women force in agriculture. Relieving these agricultural women workers from such drudgery is a major challenge for researchers and development workers in the country. Though some farmers in the country use manual corn sheller developed by Agricultural Tools Factory (ATF) at Birgunj or Development Consulting Services (DCS) at Butwal to some extent, but access to such modern corn-shelling device is beyond the imagination for the majority of the women from the rural sector. Realizing the drudgery of the rural farming community, scientists at Agricultural Engineering Division (AED) under NARC have developed different prototypes of improved tubular corn sheller including manual as well as pedal operated equipment. Various prototypes of both manual and pedal operated corn shellers were designed, fabricated and tested by the researchers at the AED. These AED prototypes of the manual corn shellers are the improved version of the lnternational Rice Research Institute (IRRI) design, while the design or the pedal corn sheller is of the AED itself During performance testing of the manual corn sheller, the shelling capacity and the efficiency were found to be 13.8 kg/h (146 cobs/hr) and 94.6% respectively at 9.2% moisture content of maize kernels. Similarly, in case or pedal operated tubular corn sheller, the shelling capacity of 27.9 kp/hr (318 cobs/hr) and the shelling efficiency of 93.1% were obtained at maize kernel moisture content of 12.7%. The shelling capacity of pedal corn sheller was 102% more than that of manual corn sheller.

Mini SRR rice seed dryer received from IRRI consisted of a cylindrical bin, an electric blower (2.5”, 320 watt) with a cylindrical support, a rice husk stove and a metallic pipe. Eight tests were conducted during rainy weeks of Ju ly ,2002 three at Kavre Palanchowk, four at Dhanusha and one at Parsa district Grain loaded varied from 145 to 175  kg with moisture content (MC) from 17.8 to 23.5%. Overall drying rate with rice husk as source of heat was found to be 0.45% MC/hour, which is much higher, compared to results of Vietnamese SRR-1 dryer with electricity as heat source. Extrapolation to 13% final MC by simple linear regression showed an association with one another in a linear way (r = 0.83). With 250 kg loading, drying cost for one ton rice was found to be Rs476 for IRRI dryer but in replicated dryer without heat insulation on metal pipe, it was found to be Rs874 due to lower blower RPM. However, computations show that even cost of replicated dryer would be paid back within 10 years with 35 days of operation per year. It showed the possibility of commercializing t he dryer for the small farmers either for seed or for food grain purpose. Maximum thermal efficiency of 22.4% was obtained at 0.6 kg rice husk/hour and 44.7°C drying air temperature (DAT). With DAT from 44.7°C to 49.0°C at Kavre germination rate of paddy varied from 77-88%. The study, also aimed a t enhancing the coverage of early rice in the country, has shown encouraging result.

Mini SRR rice seed dryer received from IRRI consisted of a cylindrical bin, an electric blower (2.5”, 320 watt) with a cylindrical support, a rice husk stove and a metallic pipe. Eight tests were conducted during rainy weeks of Ju ly ,2002 three at Kavre Palanchowk, four at Dhanusha and one at Parsa district Grain loaded varied from 145 to 175  kg with moisture content (MC) from 17.8 to 23.5%. Overall drying rate with rice husk as source of heat was found to be 0.45% MC/hour, which is much higher, compared to results of Vietnamese SRR-1 dryer with electricity as heat source. Extrapolation to 13% final MC by simple linear regression showed an association with one another in a linear way (r = 0.83). With 250 kg loading, drying cost for one ton rice was found to be Rs476 for IRRI dryer but in replicated dryer without heat insulation on metal pipe, it was found to be Rs874 due to lower blower RPM. However, computations show that even cost of replicated dryer would be paid back within 10 years with 35 days of operation per year. It showed the possibility of commercializing t he dryer for the small farmers either for seed or for food grain purpose. Maximum thermal efficiency of 22.4% was obtained at 0.6 kg rice husk/hour and 44.7°C drying air temperature (DAT). With DAT from 44.7°C to 49.0°C at Kavre germination rate of paddy varied from 77-88%. The study, also aimed a t enhancing the coverage of early rice in the country, has shown encouraging result.

Mongo and Citrus are important fruits in Nepal. They occupied about 9% and 25% of total fruit cultivated areas respectively in Nepal. However, the notional productivity of mango (7.0 t/ha) and citrus (10.38 t/ha) is very low. Besides other factors, fruit drop is a serious cause of low productivity in both fruit crops. In nature, fruit drop of mango and citrus hove been found very high accounting 99% and 93.52-96.63% respectively. Considering these facts, a number of studies in fruit drop, fruit development stages and their control measures have been reviewed to attract the attention of large number of workers and extension agents for minimizing the fruit drop problem in mango and citrus. The results of the investigations showed that fruit drop is a complex  problem  involving several factors. Application of recommended dose of fertilizers with spraying 2% urea or 4% calcium nitrate containing 50 mg boric acid/lit water reduced fruit drop. Among the various growth regulators, application of NAA and 2,4-D (10-20 ppm) in mango during April to May found effective for retention of fruits in North India condition. Similarly, in citrus 2,4-D ( 10-20 ppm), 2,4,5-T and GA were found effective for controlling fruit drop. The application IAA and NAA were found ineffective due to increase the abscission zone of the fruit.

Mongo and Citrus are important fruits in Nepal. They occupied about 9% and 25% of total fruit cultivated areas respectively in Nepal. However, the notional productivity of mango (7.0 t/ha) and citrus (10.38 t/ha) is very low. Besides other factors, fruit drop is a serious cause of low productivity in both fruit crops. In nature, fruit drop of mango and citrus hove been found very high accounting 99% and 93.52-96.63% respectively. Considering these facts, a number of studies in fruit drop, fruit development stages and their control measures have been reviewed to attract the attention of large number of workers and extension agents for minimizing the fruit drop problem in mango and citrus. The results of the investigations showed that fruit drop is a complex  problem  involving several factors. Application of recommended dose of fertilizers with spraying 2% urea or 4% calcium nitrate containing 50 mg boric acid/lit water reduced fruit drop. Among the various growth regulators, application of NAA and 2,4-D (10-20 ppm) in mango during April to May found effective for retention of fruits in North India condition. Similarly, in citrus 2,4-D ( 10-20 ppm), 2,4,5-T and GA were found effective for controlling fruit drop. The application IAA and NAA were found ineffective due to increase the abscission zone of the fruit.

Four varieties of boro rice namely BG 1442. Saroj, Gautam and Jaya were tested at 3 sites with a view to popularize and  let the farmers adopt promising boro rice cultivars  in the command  area. BG 1442 and Jaya yielded  the highest (5543 kg/ha) IN Belwa, Parss, Saroj and Gautam were low yielder (4435 kg/ha). At  Fatepur, Bara, Gautam, Jaya,  BRRI  DHAN  36 and Sugaha local were verified  and produced  3210, 3210, 3120 and  1980 kg/ha respectively. In 2002/03 boro rice varieties such as Prabhat, Gautam, Dhan Laxmi and Richharia were included for verification at Biruwaguthi,  Parsa and gave 3343, 4241, 3185 and 2266 kg/ha, respectively. Gautam, Prabhat and Dhan Laxmi can be grown as boro rice.

Four varieties of boro rice namely BG 1442. Saroj, Gautam and Jaya were tested at 3 sites with a view to popularize and  let the farmers adopt promising boro rice cultivars  in the command  area. BG 1442 and Jaya yielded  the highest (5543 kg/ha) IN Belwa, Parss, Saroj and Gautam were low yielder (4435 kg/ha). At  Fatepur, Bara, Gautam, Jaya,  BRRI  DHAN  36 and Sugaha local were verified  and produced  3210, 3210, 3120 and  1980 kg/ha respectively. In 2002/03 boro rice varieties such as Prabhat, Gautam, Dhan Laxmi and Richharia were included for verification at Biruwaguthi,  Parsa and gave 3343, 4241, 3185 and 2266 kg/ha, respectively. Gautam, Prabhat and Dhan Laxmi can be grown as boro rice.

This investigation was carried out to identify appropriate combination or plant population of maize and cauliflower for intercropping in potato + maize cropping system. The experiment was carried out at Sinduwa Sub-station, Dhankuta during 1998 to 2000. Three spacings for both of the crops were tested and cauliflower was transplanted after the harvest of potato. Maize grain yield was significantly (P < 0.001) higher (2.66 t/ha) in closer (100- x 25-cm) spacing. Similarly, closer spacing (45- x 30-cm) of cauliflower also yielded significantly (P < 0.01) higher (5.08 t/ha) curd yield than that of 60 x 45-cm (3.87 t/ha). A bivariate analysis of both crops showed that increasing plants population either of cauliflower or maize gave the higher yield. Falling apart of the non-confidence region of 26,666 maize with 74,074 cauliflower plants/ha with 40,000 maize with 74074 cauliflower plants/ha (higher maize yield) and 20,000 maize with 74,074 cauliflower plants/hn (higher cauliflower yield) demonstrate that 26,666 maize population with 74,074 cauliflower population/ha was the more appropriate  mix to get balance yield of cauliflower and maize.

This investigation was carried out to identify appropriate combination or plant population of maize and cauliflower for intercropping in potato + maize cropping system. The experiment was carried out at Sinduwa Sub-station, Dhankuta during 1998 to 2000. Three spacings for both of the crops were tested and cauliflower was transplanted after the harvest of potato. Maize grain yield was significantly (P < 0.001) higher (2.66 t/ha) in closer (100- x 25-cm) spacing. Similarly, closer spacing (45- x 30-cm) of cauliflower also yielded significantly (P < 0.01) higher (5.08 t/ha) curd yield than that of 60 x 45-cm (3.87 t/ha). A bivariate analysis of both crops showed that increasing plants population either of cauliflower or maize gave the higher yield. Falling apart of the non-confidence region of 26,666 maize with 74,074 cauliflower plants/ha with 40,000 maize with 74074 cauliflower plants/ha (higher maize yield) and 20,000 maize with 74,074 cauliflower plants/hn (higher cauliflower yield) demonstrate that 26,666 maize population with 74,074 cauliflower population/ha was the more appropriate  mix to get balance yield of cauliflower and maize.

In order to assess the factors responsible for yield decline in Iorio (Brassica rapa  syn.  Brassica campestris var. toria), field survey was carried out at Bardiya and Dang in 1999 and Chitwan and Bora in 2000 and field trials were conducted at National Oilseed Research Program (NORP), Nawalpur Sarlahi during 1997/98-199912000. Seed yield decline in toria has been realized and felt throughout the torin growing areas of the kingdom. Low or no use of fertilizer and manures, declining inherent soil fertility, non-adoption of plant protection measures, use of local cultivars, lack of irrigation facility and weeds were identified as the major factors responsible for toria yield decline at farmers' field. Pollinators (honey bees) and chemical fertilizers (NPK) were the two main constraints responsible for toria yield decline at National Oilseed Research Program  Nawalpur, Sarlahi, which reduced the seed yield by 46.53% and 29.48% respectively. Full package of practice increased the toria seed yield and net return by 95.48 and 27%, respectively compared to farmer’s practices. Honeybees were helpful in seed setting and oil production in toria.

In order to assess the factors responsible for yield decline in Iorio (Brassica rapa  syn.  Brassica campestris var. toria), field survey was carried out at Bardiya and Dang in 1999 and Chitwan and Bora in 2000 and field trials were conducted at National Oilseed Research Program (NORP), Nawalpur Sarlahi during 1997/98-199912000. Seed yield decline in toria has been realized and felt throughout the torin growing areas of the kingdom. Low or no use of fertilizer and manures, declining inherent soil fertility, non-adoption of plant protection measures, use of local cultivars, lack of irrigation facility and weeds were identified as the major factors responsible for toria yield decline at farmers' field. Pollinators (honey bees) and chemical fertilizers (NPK) were the two main constraints responsible for toria yield decline at National Oilseed Research Program  Nawalpur, Sarlahi, which reduced the seed yield by 46.53% and 29.48% respectively. Full package of practice increased the toria seed yield and net return by 95.48 and 27%, respectively compared to farmer’s practices. Honeybees were helpful in seed setting and oil production in toria.

Nepal is rich in medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs), prevalent from Tarsi plain (60 m) to the Himalayan region (5000 masl). Of the 1624 species identified with medicinal and aromatic properties, some have good source for income and health care. Above 80% crude herbs are exported to India, China and other countries.  MAPs contribute about 5% GDP and annual earning from the export exceeds 10 million dollars. Increasing interest in plant origin medicines led rising demand of herbal products throughout the world.  However some of the high value MAPs arc endangered and extinct in the natural habitats resulting in declined export. Diverse geographical and climatic conditions are congenial for growing various MAPs in Nepal. Socio-economic and market conditions also reveal tremendous opportunities to increase production and export. Farmers are interested to cultivate MAPs for income generation and improve livelihood......

Nepal is rich in medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs), prevalent from Tarsi plain (60 m) to the Himalayan region (5000 masl). Of the 1624 species identified with medicinal and aromatic properties, some have good source for income and health care. Above 80% crude herbs are exported to India, China and other countries.  MAPs contribute about 5% GDP and annual earning from the export exceeds 10 million dollars. Increasing interest in plant origin medicines led rising demand of herbal products throughout the world.  However some of the high value MAPs arc endangered and extinct in the natural habitats resulting in declined export. Diverse geographical and climatic conditions are congenial for growing various MAPs in Nepal. Socio-economic and market conditions also reveal tremendous opportunities to increase production and export. Farmers are interested to cultivate MAPs for income generation and improve livelihood......

During panicle initiation and flowering singes, C0₂ enriched plot had the highest leaf area index (LAI) in the first year. Minimum temperature was slightly higher in C0₂ enriched plot C0₂ enriched plot had  15% and ambient plot had only 10% increase in grain yield as compare to the field. The C0₂ enriched plot had almost higher straw yield than others. It was about 30 to 37% higher than field plot. Number of tillers per square meter was highest in C0₂enriched plot followed by ambient and field plot. Plant height and panicle length were both higher in C0₂ enriched plot. C0₂ enriched plot had lesser N, P and K content in grain, straw and root. However, organic carbon (OC) content in root was more than 100% as compare to the field plot. C:N ratio were also higher except in the grain. Higher grain yield in C0₂ enriched plot was due to higher number of tillers per square meter, seeds per panicle and panicle length.

During panicle initiation and flowering singes, C0₂ enriched plot had the highest leaf area index (LAI) in the first year. Minimum temperature was slightly higher in C0₂ enriched plot C0₂ enriched plot had  15% and ambient plot had only 10% increase in grain yield as compare to the field. The C0₂ enriched plot had almost higher straw yield than others. It was about 30 to 37% higher than field plot. Number of tillers per square meter was highest in C0₂enriched plot followed by ambient and field plot. Plant height and panicle length were both higher in C0₂ enriched plot. C0₂ enriched plot had lesser N, P and K content in grain, straw and root. However, organic carbon (OC) content in root was more than 100% as compare to the field plot. C:N ratio were also higher except in the grain. Higher grain yield in C0₂ enriched plot was due to higher number of tillers per square meter, seeds per panicle and panicle length.

Yield potential of sound tubers from diffused light storage (DLS) was reduced to a large extent than cold· stored seed because of advanced physiological ageing of the seed potatoes. An experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of sprout manipulation of DLS seed potatoes (a practical way of manipulating physiological age) on their subsequent tuber yields at Lumle Agriculture Research Centre (1675 m). Nepal during 1998 and 1999. The results revealed a Iarge effect of genotype and sprout manipulation treatments and their interactions on the subsequent tuber yield of potato. Seed tubers planted with original sprouts intact gave the lowest tuber yields (22.2 t/ha) and highest tuber yield was given by seed tubers de­ sprouted at planting (28.1 t/ha). Seed potatoes de-sprouted at planting and re-sprouted for month produced similar tuber yields....

Yield potential of sound tubers from diffused light storage (DLS) was reduced to a large extent than cold· stored seed because of advanced physiological ageing of the seed potatoes. An experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of sprout manipulation of DLS seed potatoes (a practical way of manipulating physiological age) on their subsequent tuber yields at Lumle Agriculture Research Centre (1675 m). Nepal during 1998 and 1999. The results revealed a Iarge effect of genotype and sprout manipulation treatments and their interactions on the subsequent tuber yield of potato. Seed tubers planted with original sprouts intact gave the lowest tuber yields (22.2 t/ha) and highest tuber yield was given by seed tubers de­ sprouted at planting (28.1 t/ha). Seed potatoes de-sprouted at planting and re-sprouted for month produced similar tuber yields....

An experiment was conducted in factorial randomized complete block design (RCBD) at RARS, Lumle (1400 masl) during 199912000. Ten scions grafted/ budded in different months represented a treatment and replicated twice. The grafting and budding operations were carried out from 6 Oct 1999 to 14 Feb at I 5 days intervals. The results showed that there was a highly significant difference in plant height due to the time after grafting or budding. The maximum plant height (29.77 cm) and diameter (0.69 cm) was observed on 20 Nov, 12 months after grafting. However, maximum success percentage (87.5%) was observed on 31 Jan grafting and it was found at par with 16 Jan (85%), 14 Feb, (77.5 %}, 1 Jan (70 %) and 21 Oct (72.5%). Minimum (37.5%) was observed on 20 Nov grafting time. It clearly indicates that the grafting and budding can be successfully done from 1 Jan to 14 Feb.....

An experiment was conducted in factorial randomized complete block design (RCBD) at RARS, Lumle (1400 masl) during 199912000. Ten scions grafted/ budded in different months represented a treatment and replicated twice. The grafting and budding operations were carried out from 6 Oct 1999 to 14 Feb at I 5 days intervals. The results showed that there was a highly significant difference in plant height due to the time after grafting or budding. The maximum plant height (29.77 cm) and diameter (0.69 cm) was observed on 20 Nov, 12 months after grafting. However, maximum success percentage (87.5%) was observed on 31 Jan grafting and it was found at par with 16 Jan (85%), 14 Feb, (77.5 %}, 1 Jan (70 %) and 21 Oct (72.5%). Minimum (37.5%) was observed on 20 Nov grafting time. It clearly indicates that the grafting and budding can be successfully done from 1 Jan to 14 Feb.....

An experiment was conducted in acid soils (pH 5.2) of Agricultural Research Station, Malepatan during the year 1998/99 to 2000/01 to evaluate the response of sulpher levels on onion production. A randomized complete block design with three replications and six levels of sulpher (0, 5, 10, 20, 30 and 40 kg per hectare) were employed in the experiment. The results revealed that sulpher application was beneficial for plant height and bulb production of the onion crops. 40.94 g of onion bulb per plant and 39.18 cm plant height were produced when 40 kg of sulpher per hectare was applied. The yield of onion bulb was 8.9 t/ha, which was produced when 40 kg per hectare of sulpher was applied. This level found to be significantly different than the other levels of sulpher.

An experiment was conducted in acid soils (pH 5.2) of Agricultural Research Station, Malepatan during the year 1998/99 to 2000/01 to evaluate the response of sulpher levels on onion production. A randomized complete block design with three replications and six levels of sulpher (0, 5, 10, 20, 30 and 40 kg per hectare) were employed in the experiment. The results revealed that sulpher application was beneficial for plant height and bulb production of the onion crops. 40.94 g of onion bulb per plant and 39.18 cm plant height were produced when 40 kg of sulpher per hectare was applied. The yield of onion bulb was 8.9 t/ha, which was produced when 40 kg per hectare of sulpher was applied. This level found to be significantly different than the other levels of sulpher.

A study was conducted in 2000/01 to identify the superior medium and incubation condition for in vitro mirrotuberization in potato. In vitro potato plantlets of Kufri Chandramukhi , Kufri Jyoti and Kufri Badshah were produced on shoot propagation medium (MS+2.0 ppm calcium pantothenate+ 0.01 ppm NAA+2.5 ppm GAO in liquid phase using single nodal cuttings as explants. After four weeks of incubation under 16 hr Photoperiod at 24±VC…..

A study was conducted in 2000/01 to identify the superior medium and incubation condition for in vitro mirrotuberization in potato. In vitro potato plantlets of Kufri Chandramukhi , Kufri Jyoti and Kufri Badshah were produced on shoot propagation medium (MS+2.0 ppm calcium pantothenate+ 0.01 ppm NAA+2.5 ppm GAO in liquid phase using single nodal cuttings as explants. After four weeks of incubation under 16 hr Photoperiod at 24±VC…..

The influence of rootstocks on Pokhara mandarin (Citrus reliculata, Blanco) with respect to tree vigor and its decline management towards citrus decline for the period of 10 years have been studied. The rootstocks C volkameriana, Troyer citrange, Citrus macrophylla and Carrioza citrange were better than other in Pokhara condition.

The influence of rootstocks on Pokhara mandarin (Citrus reliculata, Blanco) with respect to tree vigor and its decline management towards citrus decline for the period of 10 years have been studied. The rootstocks C volkameriana, Troyer citrange, Citrus macrophylla and Carrioza citrange were better than other in Pokhara condition.

The experiment was conducted at Agriculture Research Station, Rajikot, Jumla during 1997/98 - 1999/00. The main objectives of the study were to evaluate the different sizes of saffron bulbs (corms) for flower yield and to explore the economic method of saffron cultivation for the income generation of high hills farmers of Nepal. For the evaluation of different sizes of mother corms, four treatments viz less than 5 g, 5-10 g, 10-15 g and more than 15 g bulb sizes were evaluated for flower and bulb yields……

The experiment was conducted at Agriculture Research Station, Rajikot, Jumla during 1997/98 - 1999/00. The main objectives of the study were to evaluate the different sizes of saffron bulbs (corms) for flower yield and to explore the economic method of saffron cultivation for the income generation of high hills farmers of Nepal. For the evaluation of different sizes of mother corms, four treatments viz less than 5 g, 5-10 g, 10-15 g and more than 15 g bulb sizes were evaluated for flower and bulb yields……

The importance of green manure to sustain crop production and to improve soil quality has been known for some time and highlighted in recent years. Indigenous species suitable for us as green manure in the hills of Nepal have been identified and evaluated for their efficacy for increasing crop production, however, the adoption of green manure technology throughout the country is not very satisfactory.  The adoption of green manure technology may be enhanced if farmer's perceptions are known since the choice of technology depends upon many factors….. 

The importance of green manure to sustain crop production and to improve soil quality has been known for some time and highlighted in recent years. Indigenous species suitable for us as green manure in the hills of Nepal have been identified and evaluated for their efficacy for increasing crop production, however, the adoption of green manure technology throughout the country is not very satisfactory.  The adoption of green manure technology may be enhanced if farmer's perceptions are known since the choice of technology depends upon many factors….. 

A field experiment was conducted at two agro-ecological research sites (AER sites) of the Regional Agriculture Regional Station, Lumle, namely Chambas in Tanahun (riverbasin) from 1999 to 2002) and Deurali in Palpu (mid-hill) from 2001 to 2002. The main objective of the experiment was to find out the appropriate planting time for rainy season tomato production in the hills…..

A field experiment was conducted at two agro-ecological research sites (AER sites) of the Regional Agriculture Regional Station, Lumle, namely Chambas in Tanahun (riverbasin) from 1999 to 2002) and Deurali in Palpu (mid-hill) from 2001 to 2002. The main objective of the experiment was to find out the appropriate planting time for rainy season tomato production in the hills…..

Organic manure is the major source of plant nutrients in the hill farming system of Nepal but the quality of manure is not maintained by the farmers during the storage as well as application in the field. Therefore, the objectives of the study were to enhance the quality of manure and its use in the production of maize and upland rice in the farmers' field in different agro-climate conditions of the western hill s of Nepal. Manure heaps or pits practiced by the farmers were covered with black plastic sheets (improved practice) and uncovered (farmers' practice)..…..

Organic manure is the major source of plant nutrients in the hill farming system of Nepal but the quality of manure is not maintained by the farmers during the storage as well as application in the field. Therefore, the objectives of the study were to enhance the quality of manure and its use in the production of maize and upland rice in the farmers' field in different agro-climate conditions of the western hill s of Nepal. Manure heaps or pits practiced by the farmers were covered with black plastic sheets (improved practice) and uncovered (farmers' practice)..…..

This study was carried out in Agriculture Research Station, Dailekh for two years from 200 1/02 to 2002/03. The main objective of the study was to verify the most appropriate determinate variety coupled by high yield efficiency. Seeds of eight varieties of garden pea were planted on October 16 and 4 respectively in 2001 and 2002.The use of seed rate was @ 55 kg/ha. A total fertilizer dose N (40 kg/hn)……..

This study was carried out in Agriculture Research Station, Dailekh for two years from 200 1/02 to 2002/03. The main objective of the study was to verify the most appropriate determinate variety coupled by high yield efficiency. Seeds of eight varieties of garden pea were planted on October 16 and 4 respectively in 2001 and 2002.The use of seed rate was @ 55 kg/ha. A total fertilizer dose N (40 kg/hn)……..

To understand the current practices of nursery and cultivation of cauliflower and cabbage in hills, surveys were carried out in different semi-commercial vegetable crops growing areas of Ilam, Terhathum, Dhankuta, Makawunpur, Kaski and Parbat districts. Farmers of the mid and high hills were only interested to grow the cole crops during off-season (April-October) period. Because of three to five times higher market prices than that of winter season production of these crops, farmers have been extending the cultivation area and also altering the cultivation practices…...

To understand the current practices of nursery and cultivation of cauliflower and cabbage in hills, surveys were carried out in different semi-commercial vegetable crops growing areas of Ilam, Terhathum, Dhankuta, Makawunpur, Kaski and Parbat districts. Farmers of the mid and high hills were only interested to grow the cole crops during off-season (April-October) period. Because of three to five times higher market prices than that of winter season production of these crops, farmers have been extending the cultivation area and also altering the cultivation practices…...

In order to assess the residual effect of different leguminous crops in productivity and profitability of potato crop under different rice-based cropping sequences, six different cropping systems were compared and evaluated with two existing ones from mid-hill conditions of Nepal over the period of 1998/1999 to 1999/2000 al Khumaltar. Both the years, treatments with potato and rice crops grown after legumes produced comparatively higher yields compared to the control. In the treatments, where potato was not included, legume pods were left upto the maturity for the grain yields and harvested which increased additional farm income…..

In order to assess the residual effect of different leguminous crops in productivity and profitability of potato crop under different rice-based cropping sequences, six different cropping systems were compared and evaluated with two existing ones from mid-hill conditions of Nepal over the period of 1998/1999 to 1999/2000 al Khumaltar. Both the years, treatments with potato and rice crops grown after legumes produced comparatively higher yields compared to the control. In the treatments, where potato was not included, legume pods were left upto the maturity for the grain yields and harvested which increased additional farm income…..

In order to determine and recommend the optimal dose of two major chemical fertilizers: nitrogen (N) and potassium (K₂0) for particular environment and particular potato variety during 1998 to 2000, a field experiment was carried out at Hattiban Research Farm, Khumaltar having low nitrogen, medium organic matter and medium potassium and high phosphorous conditions. The relative response of potato crop cv Desiree a highly nutrient responsive and widely grown potato cultivar of Nepal was evaluated with four different levels of nitrogen (0,50, 100 and  150 kg/ha) and four different levels of potassium (0, 30, 60 and 90 kg/ha)  fertilizers…..

In order to determine and recommend the optimal dose of two major chemical fertilizers: nitrogen (N) and potassium (K₂0) for particular environment and particular potato variety during 1998 to 2000, a field experiment was carried out at Hattiban Research Farm, Khumaltar having low nitrogen, medium organic matter and medium potassium and high phosphorous conditions. The relative response of potato crop cv Desiree a highly nutrient responsive and widely grown potato cultivar of Nepal was evaluated with four different levels of nitrogen (0,50, 100 and  150 kg/ha) and four different levels of potassium (0, 30, 60 and 90 kg/ha)  fertilizers…..

A study to identify on appropriate dose of nitrogen anti phosphorus for summer season cabbage production was accomplished in the high hills of eastern Nepal. The experiment was conducted during the two summer seasons (May- September) of 2000 and 2001 AD. Three levels of nitrogen (60, 100 and 140 kg/ha) and the phosphorus (40, 60 and 80 kg/ha) were tested to Green Coronet variety with spatial arrangement in 45- x 30-cm. 60:80:50 N:P:K/ha yielded a significantly higher head yield (56.2 t/ha) in June transplanting…..

A study to identify on appropriate dose of nitrogen anti phosphorus for summer season cabbage production was accomplished in the high hills of eastern Nepal. The experiment was conducted during the two summer seasons (May- September) of 2000 and 2001 AD. Three levels of nitrogen (60, 100 and 140 kg/ha) and the phosphorus (40, 60 and 80 kg/ha) were tested to Green Coronet variety with spatial arrangement in 45- x 30-cm. 60:80:50 N:P:K/ha yielded a significantly higher head yield (56.2 t/ha) in June transplanting…..

This experiment was carried out at Agriculture Research Station (Horticulture), Dailekh during the years 2001 and 2002. The objective of this study was to identify the appropriate planting date of Red Creole onion sets for maximum yield of both biomass and bulb during off-season. Onion seeds were sown in the individual nursery beds in the last week of January. They were lifted in the first week of June and were selected and stored well until the planting weekly intervals on July 26, August 3,10,17,24 and 31 in the main field……

This experiment was carried out at Agriculture Research Station (Horticulture), Dailekh during the years 2001 and 2002. The objective of this study was to identify the appropriate planting date of Red Creole onion sets for maximum yield of both biomass and bulb during off-season. Onion seeds were sown in the individual nursery beds in the last week of January. They were lifted in the first week of June and were selected and stored well until the planting weekly intervals on July 26, August 3,10,17,24 and 31 in the main field……

An experiment was conducted to access the suitability of different concentration of sucrose solution in vase life of cut spike of gladiolus during 1999/2000 in Horticulture laboratory, IAAS. Results of experiment on the effect of different concentration of sucrose in the vase life behavior of cut-spikes under normal room temperature demonstrated than 12% sucrose solution gave maximum number of florets open at 6 and 9 days of vase life……..

An experiment was conducted to access the suitability of different concentration of sucrose solution in vase life of cut spike of gladiolus during 1999/2000 in Horticulture laboratory, IAAS. Results of experiment on the effect of different concentration of sucrose in the vase life behavior of cut-spikes under normal room temperature demonstrated than 12% sucrose solution gave maximum number of florets open at 6 and 9 days of vase life……..

Landraces and wild relative of crop species are regarded as the indispensable gene sources for future genetic improvement. For effective conservation of genetic variation, it is necessary to identify the target population based on its genetic variation and sustainability in its habitat. Buckwheat (Fagopyrum spp) being grown in wide geographic variations of Nepal is especially important source of food for marginal farmers of hills and mountains………..

Landraces and wild relative of crop species are regarded as the indispensable gene sources for future genetic improvement. For effective conservation of genetic variation, it is necessary to identify the target population based on its genetic variation and sustainability in its habitat. Buckwheat (Fagopyrum spp) being grown in wide geographic variations of Nepal is especially important source of food for marginal farmers of hills and mountains………..

Embryo culture is an efficient plant breeding tool to accomplish wide hybridization in the genus Oryza. Successful plant regeneration from embryo culture is affected by several factors such as age of embryo, medium composition, light hours, temperature and humidity during culture and technique of hardening. Six hybrids (Kalanamak/O.nivara,   Kalanamak/O.   rufipogon,   Kalanamak/O.   officinalis,   Manshara/O.    officinalis,   IR 64/O.nivara, and IR 72/O. granulate), two improved parents viz IR72 and O. granulata were subjected to five different media and four techniques of hardening to determine the efficiency of these media for germination and techniques for seedlings hardening………

Embryo culture is an efficient plant breeding tool to accomplish wide hybridization in the genus Oryza. Successful plant regeneration from embryo culture is affected by several factors such as age of embryo, medium composition, light hours, temperature and humidity during culture and technique of hardening. Six hybrids (Kalanamak/O.nivara,   Kalanamak/O.   rufipogon,   Kalanamak/O.   officinalis,   Manshara/O.    officinalis,   IR 64/O.nivara, and IR 72/O. granulate), two improved parents viz IR72 and O. granulata were subjected to five different media and four techniques of hardening to determine the efficiency of these media for germination and techniques for seedlings hardening………

Xiphinema ameraicnum group is economically important as some of the species are efficient vectors of nepovirus and are quarantine concern in many countries. In recent years, this group is under dispute regarding the number of valid species. The fast and accurate species identification on the basis of morphology and morphometric differences is difficult as most of the characters overlap. Modified DNA amplification fingerprinting DAF) technique was used to study the genetic diversity among the 16 selected species within this group…….

Xiphinema ameraicnum group is economically important as some of the species are efficient vectors of nepovirus and are quarantine concern in many countries. In recent years, this group is under dispute regarding the number of valid species. The fast and accurate species identification on the basis of morphology and morphometric differences is difficult as most of the characters overlap. Modified DNA amplification fingerprinting DAF) technique was used to study the genetic diversity among the 16 selected species within this group…….

Vaccines and antibodies play a key role in health care. However, each year, infectious diseases kill about 17 million people worldwide. Approximately, 80% of the world's children are capable to receive vaccines against infectious diseases and 20 % still remain unvaccinated which leads to about 2 million children of the world potentially avoidable death each year. This problem is especially prevalent in the developing countries and in the remote parts of the world. Various reasons are involved in affecting the efficient distribution and utilization of the vaccines. Expression of the pathogens in transgenic plants is a convenient and inexpensive source for these immunotherapeutic molecules. Various antigens have already been expressed successfully in plants. Edible plant vaccines against diarrhea expressed in potato is already in preclinical human trials. Attempts are being made to express many proteins of immunotherapeutic use at high level in plants and to use them as bioreactors of modern era.

Vaccines and antibodies play a key role in health care. However, each year, infectious diseases kill about 17 million people worldwide. Approximately, 80% of the world's children are capable to receive vaccines against infectious diseases and 20 % still remain unvaccinated which leads to about 2 million children of the world potentially avoidable death each year. This problem is especially prevalent in the developing countries and in the remote parts of the world. Various reasons are involved in affecting the efficient distribution and utilization of the vaccines. Expression of the pathogens in transgenic plants is a convenient and inexpensive source for these immunotherapeutic molecules. Various antigens have already been expressed successfully in plants. Edible plant vaccines against diarrhea expressed in potato is already in preclinical human trials. Attempts are being made to express many proteins of immunotherapeutic use at high level in plants and to use them as bioreactors of modern era.

The experiment was conducted under laboratory condition (15.06 to 23.85°C and 84.43% RH). The objectives of the study were to prevent stored corn grain damage using different botanical insecticides against Sitophilus zeamais and determine the effective rates and duration of efficacy. The test plants were Acorus calamus, Azadirachta indica, Artemisia vulgaris, Swertia chirata and Melia azedarach in processed form. All the test plants were effective against Sitophilus zeamais but differed in efficacy depending on the rules and duration of storage…….

The experiment was conducted under laboratory condition (15.06 to 23.85°C and 84.43% RH). The objectives of the study were to prevent stored corn grain damage using different botanical insecticides against Sitophilus zeamais and determine the effective rates and duration of efficacy. The test plants were Acorus calamus, Azadirachta indica, Artemisia vulgaris, Swertia chirata and Melia azedarach in processed form. All the test plants were effective against Sitophilus zeamais but differed in efficacy depending on the rules and duration of storage…….

This study was carried out to determine an optimum dose of sweet flag (Acorus calamus L) stolen dust in order to reduce the weevil infestation (Sitophilus oryzae L.) in stored wheat. The stolen dust was evaluated at rates of 0, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 g per kg wheat grains. The performance of dust in both years indicated that a dose of 20 g or> 20 g per kg grains was highly effective to reduce the weevil infestation. The dose rate of 20 g dust per kg wheat is determined as an optimum dose to reduce weevil damage to a negligible level.

This study was carried out to determine an optimum dose of sweet flag (Acorus calamus L) stolen dust in order to reduce the weevil infestation (Sitophilus oryzae L.) in stored wheat. The stolen dust was evaluated at rates of 0, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 g per kg wheat grains. The performance of dust in both years indicated that a dose of 20 g or> 20 g per kg grains was highly effective to reduce the weevil infestation. The dose rate of 20 g dust per kg wheat is determined as an optimum dose to reduce weevil damage to a negligible level.

The naturally occurring parasitoids of citrus green stinkbug were monitored at Bandipur (1000 masl), Bachegaon (660 masl) and Lohi (450 masl) in Tanahun district; Karendada (940 masl), Syangja district and Pokhara (850 masl), Kaski district in 2000 and 2001. The results revealed that the egg parasitoids namely Anastatus sp. Trissolcus latisculus Crawford and Ooencyrtus utitheisae Risbec are widely distributed in this region. O. utitheisae was the most prevalent species followed by Anastatus sp and T. latisculus. The average ratio of parasitoid- pest was found to be 1:1.87.

The naturally occurring parasitoids of citrus green stinkbug were monitored at Bandipur (1000 masl), Bachegaon (660 masl) and Lohi (450 masl) in Tanahun district; Karendada (940 masl), Syangja district and Pokhara (850 masl), Kaski district in 2000 and 2001. The results revealed that the egg parasitoids namely Anastatus sp. Trissolcus latisculus Crawford and Ooencyrtus utitheisae Risbec are widely distributed in this region. O. utitheisae was the most prevalent species followed by Anastatus sp and T. latisculus. The average ratio of parasitoid- pest was found to be 1:1.87.

Monitoring of citrus psylla, Diophorino cltrl Kuwayama, was carried out at Yompaphant  (450  mast), Tanahun; Lohi (650 masl), Tanahun; Bandipur (1,050 masl), Tanahun; Agricultural Research Station, Malepatan (850 masl), Kaski; Hemja (1,050 masl), Kaski; Agricultural Research Station (ARS), Lumlc (1,450 masl), Kaski and Bhakimli (1,300 masl), Myagdi. Bright yellow sticky trap was used for monitoring the psyllid from September 1999 to April 2001. Yellow sticky trap was replaced by mouth aspirator at Yampaphant, Lohi and ARS,  Malepatan from May 2001 to July 2001.D. citri was  found at……….

Monitoring of citrus psylla, Diophorino cltrl Kuwayama, was carried out at Yompaphant  (450  mast), Tanahun; Lohi (650 masl), Tanahun; Bandipur (1,050 masl), Tanahun; Agricultural Research Station, Malepatan (850 masl), Kaski; Hemja (1,050 masl), Kaski; Agricultural Research Station (ARS), Lumlc (1,450 masl), Kaski and Bhakimli (1,300 masl), Myagdi. Bright yellow sticky trap was used for monitoring the psyllid from September 1999 to April 2001. Yellow sticky trap was replaced by mouth aspirator at Yampaphant, Lohi and ARS,  Malepatan from May 2001 to July 2001.D. citri was  found at……….

Common bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is an important grain legume grown in the hills of mid-western Nepal and other areas with similar agro-climatic conditions. In Jumla and adjoining areas, farmers usually grow beans during summer season in bari-land as a rain fed crop. The predominant cropping patterns are bean-wheat, bean-barley, bean + maize - wheat and bean-other vegetables. A total of 114 accessions of local and exotic bean germplasm collected from various locations were studied for agro­ morphological characteristics at Agriculture Research Station Jumla (2300 masl) for two consecutive years 2000-2001……..

Common bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is an important grain legume grown in the hills of mid-western Nepal and other areas with similar agro-climatic conditions. In Jumla and adjoining areas, farmers usually grow beans during summer season in bari-land as a rain fed crop. The predominant cropping patterns are bean-wheat, bean-barley, bean + maize - wheat and bean-other vegetables. A total of 114 accessions of local and exotic bean germplasm collected from various locations were studied for agro­ morphological characteristics at Agriculture Research Station Jumla (2300 masl) for two consecutive years 2000-2001……..

Germplasm characterization is the fundamental basis for crop improvement. To study the physio­ morphological variation, crop duration and yield potentiality in Nepalese indigenous garlic germplasm for both qualitative and quantitative characters, an experiment was carried out at horticultural farm (225 masl), lnstitute of Agriculture and Animal Science, Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal in 2000-2001. One hundred seventy nine garlic germplasms were collected from 51 districts including major agro-ecological zones……..

Germplasm characterization is the fundamental basis for crop improvement. To study the physio­ morphological variation, crop duration and yield potentiality in Nepalese indigenous garlic germplasm for both qualitative and quantitative characters, an experiment was carried out at horticultural farm (225 masl), lnstitute of Agriculture and Animal Science, Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal in 2000-2001. One hundred seventy nine garlic germplasms were collected from 51 districts including major agro-ecological zones……..

Chickpea occupies fifth position in area (14590 ha) and production (12148 t) of total grain legumes and it is imported from the foreign countries in Nepal . Low grain yield, susceptibility to wilt, botrytis gray mold (BGM) and pod borer are the serious problems of growing chickpea. There is an urgent need to develop high yielding genotypes that are resistant to wilt and BGM and are well adapted to environments. Seed size of local land races is very small while exotic lines yielded poor. Presently some of the genotypes have been developed from the crosses and evaluated in coordinated varietal trials and coordinated farmers field trials at different locations from 1997/98 to 2001/02……..

Chickpea occupies fifth position in area (14590 ha) and production (12148 t) of total grain legumes and it is imported from the foreign countries in Nepal . Low grain yield, susceptibility to wilt, botrytis gray mold (BGM) and pod borer are the serious problems of growing chickpea. There is an urgent need to develop high yielding genotypes that are resistant to wilt and BGM and are well adapted to environments. Seed size of local land races is very small while exotic lines yielded poor. Presently some of the genotypes have been developed from the crosses and evaluated in coordinated varietal trials and coordinated farmers field trials at different locations from 1997/98 to 2001/02……..

Correlation and path analyses in F₁ and F₂ generations among 28 crosses obtained through partial diallel crosses of 8 diverse genotypes of garden pea were studied and evaluated under randomized block design with 3 replications at Vegetable Research Farm of IARI, New Delhi during rabi season of 2000/01. Eleven different economic parameters viz days to first flowering.,first flowering node, days to 50% flowering, days to first green pod harvest, pod length, number of grains per pod, number of pods per plant, pod yield per plant, plant height, shelling percentage and 1000-seed weight were selected for evaluation across the generations…………

Correlation and path analyses in F₁ and F₂ generations among 28 crosses obtained through partial diallel crosses of 8 diverse genotypes of garden pea were studied and evaluated under randomized block design with 3 replications at Vegetable Research Farm of IARI, New Delhi during rabi season of 2000/01. Eleven different economic parameters viz days to first flowering.,first flowering node, days to 50% flowering, days to first green pod harvest, pod length, number of grains per pod, number of pods per plant, pod yield per plant, plant height, shelling percentage and 1000-seed weight were selected for evaluation across the generations…………

Field experiments were conducted at Agriculture Research Station, Rajikot, Jumla (2330 mast) in two consecutive years 1999/2000 and 2000/2001 to identify cauliflower varieties suitable under Jumla agro­ ecological condition and their appropriate planting dates for extended production period. Five varieties of cauliflower, namely Jyapu Local, Snow Crown, Snowball-16, Kibo Giant and Kathamandu Local were included in the experiment. These varieties were seeded in the nursery in three different dates at one-month interval on 23^rd of March, April, and May………

Field experiments were conducted at Agriculture Research Station, Rajikot, Jumla (2330 mast) in two consecutive years 1999/2000 and 2000/2001 to identify cauliflower varieties suitable under Jumla agro­ ecological condition and their appropriate planting dates for extended production period. Five varieties of cauliflower, namely Jyapu Local, Snow Crown, Snowball-16, Kibo Giant and Kathamandu Local were included in the experiment. These varieties were seeded in the nursery in three different dates at one-month interval on 23^rd of March, April, and May………

Twenty wheal genotypes were evaluated at Agricultural Research Station, Jumla and Sheep and Goat Research Farm, Guthichour. These two locations represent the high altitude and low altitude of the Far Western high hills of Nepal. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with three replications. The analysis showed highly significant grain yield difference at both the locations. These genotypes have also been evaluated against incidence of major diseases and insect pests. In terms of grain yield four varieties such as WK 904 (3810 kg/ha), WK 935 (3563 kg/ha), WK 914 (3505 kg/ha) and WK 930 (3556 kg/ha) and in terms of bio-mass two varieties WK 921 (4091 kg/ha) and WK 919 (3901 kg/ha) have been identified to be suitable for the study areas. Based on the three years research, these identified varieties can be recommended to similar ecosystem within the Far Western high hill regions of Nepal.

Twenty wheal genotypes were evaluated at Agricultural Research Station, Jumla and Sheep and Goat Research Farm, Guthichour. These two locations represent the high altitude and low altitude of the Far Western high hills of Nepal. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with three replications. The analysis showed highly significant grain yield difference at both the locations. These genotypes have also been evaluated against incidence of major diseases and insect pests. In terms of grain yield four varieties such as WK 904 (3810 kg/ha), WK 935 (3563 kg/ha), WK 914 (3505 kg/ha) and WK 930 (3556 kg/ha) and in terms of bio-mass two varieties WK 921 (4091 kg/ha) and WK 919 (3901 kg/ha) have been identified to be suitable for the study areas. Based on the three years research, these identified varieties can be recommended to similar ecosystem within the Far Western high hill regions of Nepal.

Sixteen rice genotypes were evaluated at Agricultural Research Station, Jumla. These genotypes were selected from coordinated varietal trials based on their suitability for the high hill eco-system or the Far Western Region. The experiment was laid out at randomized complete block design with three replications. The statistical analysis showed highly significant difference in grain yield. These genotypes have also been evaluated against incidence of major diseases and insect pests. The highest grain yield was produced by Jinling-78 (5651 kg/ha) followed by NR 10288-IOJ-21 (5271 kg/ha) and Yunlen-1 (5156 kg/ha) respectively. These varieties are resistance to blast, which is a very severe rice disease in this area.

Sixteen rice genotypes were evaluated at Agricultural Research Station, Jumla. These genotypes were selected from coordinated varietal trials based on their suitability for the high hill eco-system or the Far Western Region. The experiment was laid out at randomized complete block design with three replications. The statistical analysis showed highly significant difference in grain yield. These genotypes have also been evaluated against incidence of major diseases and insect pests. The highest grain yield was produced by Jinling-78 (5651 kg/ha) followed by NR 10288-IOJ-21 (5271 kg/ha) and Yunlen-1 (5156 kg/ha) respectively. These varieties are resistance to blast, which is a very severe rice disease in this area.

Banana genotypes and crop management (optimum fertilizer dose, clump management and date of planting) experiments were conducted in participation with the farmers at Chambas and Rising Patan. Tanahu; Taranagar, Gorkha and Pakuwa, Parbat in three consecutive years 1999 to 2002 to evaluate and Identify the best genotype( s) and to develop crop management practices for increased production and productivity of banana in the western hills of Nepal……..

Banana genotypes and crop management (optimum fertilizer dose, clump management and date of planting) experiments were conducted in participation with the farmers at Chambas and Rising Patan. Tanahu; Taranagar, Gorkha and Pakuwa, Parbat in three consecutive years 1999 to 2002 to evaluate and Identify the best genotype( s) and to develop crop management practices for increased production and productivity of banana in the western hills of Nepal……..

Rice is the most important cereal crop in Nepal for ensuring food security and enhancing economic growth. The crop is grown in diverse agroecological zones ranging from lowland Terai of 60 mast to 3000 masl of Jumla district (NARC 1997).Based on rainfall pattern and altitudes, Upadhyay (1996) classified eleven rice production and recommendation domains at macro level. At present, the development of varieties and production technologies is based on major rice production domains as described by Chaudhary (2002). At micro level, there is wide diversity in fanncrs' resources endowments, production objectives, agroecological conditions and socio­ cultural settings for rice production even within the Terai (Gauchan ct al 1997, Gauchan 2001). In addition, fanners used to grow more than 2000 rice landraces before introduction of tnodcm varieties (Joshi 2000).This demands u wide runge of rice varieties to meet lhe farmers' requirements nnd fanners still grow more limn 200 landraces of rice to address their specific needs.

Rice is the most important cereal crop in Nepal for ensuring food security and enhancing economic growth. The crop is grown in diverse agroecological zones ranging from lowland Terai of 60 mast to 3000 masl of Jumla district (NARC 1997).Based on rainfall pattern and altitudes, Upadhyay (1996) classified eleven rice production and recommendation domains at macro level. At present, the development of varieties and production technologies is based on major rice production domains as described by Chaudhary (2002). At micro level, there is wide diversity in fanncrs' resources endowments, production objectives, agroecological conditions and socio­ cultural settings for rice production even within the Terai (Gauchan ct al 1997, Gauchan 2001). In addition, fanners used to grow more than 2000 rice landraces before introduction of tnodcm varieties (Joshi 2000).This demands u wide runge of rice varieties to meet lhe farmers' requirements nnd fanners still grow more limn 200 landraces of rice to address their specific needs.

Eight genotypes of bush type French bean collected from Mustang, Myagdi and Kaski, Nepal and nine genotypes introduced from the USA were evaluated under observation nursery at Rising Patan (450 masl), Tanahu, Outreach Research (OR) site of Agriculture Research Station (ARS), Lumle, Kaski during post monsoon of 2000. The promising entries from observation nurseries were evaluated under co-ordinated varietal trial at Rising Patan, ARS, Pakhribas and ARS, Lumle during spring season (February 2001), summer seasons (April 2001) and pre and post-monsoon season (April and August 2001) respectively. The performances of these genotypes were almost similar at all locations. The most promising genotypes were LB-25, LB-27, S-9 and Pant Anupama in terms of yield and other horticultural traits. Considering overall performance, pod length, pod diameter, fibre content, marketable fresh pods yield and resistant to bean rust, genotype LB-25 was superior among the tested genotypes.

Eight genotypes of bush type French bean collected from Mustang, Myagdi and Kaski, Nepal and nine genotypes introduced from the USA were evaluated under observation nursery at Rising Patan (450 masl), Tanahu, Outreach Research (OR) site of Agriculture Research Station (ARS), Lumle, Kaski during post monsoon of 2000. The promising entries from observation nurseries were evaluated under co-ordinated varietal trial at Rising Patan, ARS, Pakhribas and ARS, Lumle during spring season (February 2001), summer seasons (April 2001) and pre and post-monsoon season (April and August 2001) respectively. The performances of these genotypes were almost similar at all locations. The most promising genotypes were LB-25, LB-27, S-9 and Pant Anupama in terms of yield and other horticultural traits. Considering overall performance, pod length, pod diameter, fibre content, marketable fresh pods yield and resistant to bean rust, genotype LB-25 was superior among the tested genotypes.

A total of eight cauliflower varieties, Snow Crown, Snow Dome, Snow King, Snow Ball-16, Kibo Giant (Holland), Kibo Giant (Nepal), Kathmandu Local and Madhuri were evaluated for consecutive three years in different agro ecological domains western hills of Nepal during 1998 to 2001. Snow Crown, Snow Dome, Snow King and Madhuri were F₁ hybrids and the others four varieties were open pollinated. The experiments were conducted in four agro ecological research (AER) sites and eight-outreach research (OR) sites under the research command area (RCA) of RARS, Lumle. Snow Dome, Snow Crown, Snow King and Kibo Giant (Holland) were promising followed by Kathamandu Local and Madhuri. The hybrid variety Snow King was observed as outstanding for early and off-season production, whereas Snow Crown, as a superior variety in term or high curd yield (24.7 t/ha). 

A total of eight cauliflower varieties, Snow Crown, Snow Dome, Snow King, Snow Ball-16, Kibo Giant (Holland), Kibo Giant (Nepal), Kathmandu Local and Madhuri were evaluated for consecutive three years in different agro ecological domains western hills of Nepal during 1998 to 2001. Snow Crown, Snow Dome, Snow King and Madhuri were F₁ hybrids and the others four varieties were open pollinated. The experiments were conducted in four agro ecological research (AER) sites and eight-outreach research (OR) sites under the research command area (RCA) of RARS, Lumle. Snow Dome, Snow Crown, Snow King and Kibo Giant (Holland) were promising followed by Kathamandu Local and Madhuri. The hybrid variety Snow King was observed as outstanding for early and off-season production, whereas Snow Crown, as a superior variety in term or high curd yield (24.7 t/ha). 

Six different hybrid true potato seed (TPS) progenies received from lnternational Potato Center. Lima, Peru were raised in nursery beds and 30 days old seedlings were transplanted in the field to see the performance of TPS progenies at Eastern Tarai conditions of Nepal during 2001-2002 and 2002-2003. The survival of the transplanted seedlings in the field ranged from 95.00 to 96.67%......

Six different hybrid true potato seed (TPS) progenies received from lnternational Potato Center. Lima, Peru were raised in nursery beds and 30 days old seedlings were transplanted in the field to see the performance of TPS progenies at Eastern Tarai conditions of Nepal during 2001-2002 and 2002-2003. The survival of the transplanted seedlings in the field ranged from 95.00 to 96.67%......

Elite genotypes of vegetable soybean were introduced from Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center (AVROC), Taiwan and were evaluated under Co-ordinaled Varietal trials (CVT) at Agriculture Research Station (ARS), Lumle and Horticulture Research Division (HRD), Khumaltar during 2000 and 2001. Enough variability was found in plant height, days to harvest, marketable fresh pod yield, total biomass, 100-green seed weight and resistant to powdery mildew. The performance of genotypes in economic traits, were almost similar in all tested locations. Considering overall performance, marketable fresh pod yield per day per hectare, 100-green seed weight and resistant to powdery mildew, the vegetable soybean genotype AGS-352 was superior to rest of the tested genotypes.