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8 result(s) search for keyword(s) 'blight'
Bacterial leaf blight of rice in mid and farwestern Nepal: Preliminary study of disease prevalance in farmers field / Ram Bahadur Khadka
in Proceedings of the 27th National Summer Crops Workshop, held at Rampur, Chitawan, 18-20 April 2013, Vol. I / Giri, Y.P.
Title : Bacterial leaf blight of rice in mid and farwestern Nepal: Preliminary study of disease prevalance in farmers field Material Type: printed text Authors: Ram Bahadur Khadka ; Sharad Adhikari, Author ; Gopi Shrestha, Author Pagination: 298-302 p. Languages : English (eng) Keywords: Leaf Blight ; Disease Prevalance Abstract: Bacterial leaf blight is one of the major constraints for rice production in mid and far-western
Nepal. Tn case of high intensity, it may cause significant loss in the yield of rice. There is little
knowledge about the diversity, pathogenicity and epidemiology of bacterial leaf blight ofrice
i.n the regions. A sampling and disease survey were undertaken to identify the incidence of
bacterial leaf blight in farmer's field in Banke, Bardiya, Dang and Kail ali districts in main rice
growing season of2012. According to survey result, Bindeshowari, Local manshuli, Indrasan ,
Kalanamak and Sarju # 52 varieties of rice had remarkably higher disease incidence (42.5,
34.66, 85, 65. 73.75%, respectively) at Narayanpur, Dang; Mainpokhar and Beluwa of
Bardiya; Khurd Khajura, Banke and Chuba, Manuwa, Partapur and Janakinagar of Kailali
district, respectively. Low disease incidence (3.66 and 11 .83%, respectively) were observed in
Sabitri and Radha4 varieties of rice at Mainapokhar, Motipur, Kalika and Beluwa of Baridya
district; Urhari and Narayanpur of Dang; Makawanpur, Radha 4 and Sabitri varieties at
Rajapur, Bardiya, Sukha Dhan 1 and Sukha Dhan 2 at Khurd Kahjura Banke. The survey
reveal ed that there is very low awareness among farmers about impact of bacterial leaf blight
disease in rice production. Among the surveyed areas only farmers of Narayanpur, Dang;
Beluwa, Bardiya; and Rainiyapur, Banke district were found to be more serious to disease
management whereas at other places the farmers did not show any interest to disease
management. The results obtained in this initial study shows potential research scope and
future research thrust on bacterial leaf blight management in mid and far western Nepal.Link for e-copy: http://elibrary.narc.gov.np/?r=915 Bacterial leaf blight of rice in mid and farwestern Nepal: Preliminary study of disease prevalance in farmers field [printed text] / Ram Bahadur Khadka ; Sharad Adhikari, Author ; Gopi Shrestha, Author . - [s.d.] . - 298-302 p.
in Proceedings of the 27th National Summer Crops Workshop, held at Rampur, Chitawan, 18-20 April 2013, Vol. I / Giri, Y.P.
Languages : English (eng)
Keywords: Leaf Blight ; Disease Prevalance Abstract: Bacterial leaf blight is one of the major constraints for rice production in mid and far-western
Nepal. Tn case of high intensity, it may cause significant loss in the yield of rice. There is little
knowledge about the diversity, pathogenicity and epidemiology of bacterial leaf blight ofrice
i.n the regions. A sampling and disease survey were undertaken to identify the incidence of
bacterial leaf blight in farmer's field in Banke, Bardiya, Dang and Kail ali districts in main rice
growing season of2012. According to survey result, Bindeshowari, Local manshuli, Indrasan ,
Kalanamak and Sarju # 52 varieties of rice had remarkably higher disease incidence (42.5,
34.66, 85, 65. 73.75%, respectively) at Narayanpur, Dang; Mainpokhar and Beluwa of
Bardiya; Khurd Khajura, Banke and Chuba, Manuwa, Partapur and Janakinagar of Kailali
district, respectively. Low disease incidence (3.66 and 11 .83%, respectively) were observed in
Sabitri and Radha4 varieties of rice at Mainapokhar, Motipur, Kalika and Beluwa of Baridya
district; Urhari and Narayanpur of Dang; Makawanpur, Radha 4 and Sabitri varieties at
Rajapur, Bardiya, Sukha Dhan 1 and Sukha Dhan 2 at Khurd Kahjura Banke. The survey
reveal ed that there is very low awareness among farmers about impact of bacterial leaf blight
disease in rice production. Among the surveyed areas only farmers of Narayanpur, Dang;
Beluwa, Bardiya; and Rainiyapur, Banke district were found to be more serious to disease
management whereas at other places the farmers did not show any interest to disease
management. The results obtained in this initial study shows potential research scope and
future research thrust on bacterial leaf blight management in mid and far western Nepal.Link for e-copy: http://elibrary.narc.gov.np/?r=915 E-copies
http://nkcs.org.np/narc/dl/?r=915URL Economic Management of Late Blight (Phytophthora infestans L.) of Potato in Eastern Tarai of Nepal / Prem C.P. Chaurasia in Nepal Agriculture Research Journal, Vol. 6 (2005)
[article]
Title : Economic Management of Late Blight (Phytophthora infestans L.) of Potato in Eastern Tarai of Nepal Material Type: printed text Authors: Prem C.P. Chaurasia, Author Publication Date: 2005 Article on page: 57-61 p Languages : English (eng) Keywords: Eastern Tarai, economic spray, Dithane M-45, late blight management, potato Abstract: Field experiments were carried out at Regional Agriculture Research Station, Tarahara in three
consecutive years (1997-2000) during winter season to know the economic sprays of different
fungicides to manage late blight disease of potato. Late blight susceptible cultivar of potato
Kufri Sindhuri was used for the experiment. Krinoxyl gold (metalaxyl 8% and mancozeb 64%)
at the rate of 1.5 g/l, Dithane M- 45 (mancozeb 75%) @ 0.3% and Bordeaux mixture @ 10 g
copper sulfate and 10 g lime/l of water and their different combinations were tested in
randomized complete block design with three replications. Terminal disease severity was the
highest (7.9) on 0-9 scale disease rating in unsprayed check and it was significantly higher than
those of other fungicides sprays. Plots with three sprays of Dithane M- 45 @ 0.3% recorded the
lowest (2.4) terminal disease severity. Disease development was the fastest in the unsprayed plot
compared to all other treatments. Similarly apparent infection rate was the highest in unsprayed
treatment. Area Under the Disease Progress Curve was also the highest in unsprayed plot and it
was significantly higher than those of other treatments. Tuber yield was the lowest (3.93 kg/4.5
m2 plot in unsprayed and the highest (6.08 kg), in the plot receiving four sprays of Dithane M-45
@ 0.3 % and this was at par with the tuber yield of plots receiving two and three sprays of
Dithane M-45. Benefit cost ratio was the highest (1.54) in case of two sprays of Dithane M-45
@ 0.3% at 10 days intervals. All others fungicide spays were uneconomical under Eastern Tarai
condition.Link for e-copy: http://elibrary.narc.gov.np/?r=62
in Nepal Agriculture Research Journal > Vol. 6 (2005) . - 57-61 p[article] Economic Management of Late Blight (Phytophthora infestans L.) of Potato in Eastern Tarai of Nepal [printed text] / Prem C.P. Chaurasia, Author . - 2005 . - 57-61 p.
Languages : English (eng)
in Nepal Agriculture Research Journal > Vol. 6 (2005) . - 57-61 p
Keywords: Eastern Tarai, economic spray, Dithane M-45, late blight management, potato Abstract: Field experiments were carried out at Regional Agriculture Research Station, Tarahara in three
consecutive years (1997-2000) during winter season to know the economic sprays of different
fungicides to manage late blight disease of potato. Late blight susceptible cultivar of potato
Kufri Sindhuri was used for the experiment. Krinoxyl gold (metalaxyl 8% and mancozeb 64%)
at the rate of 1.5 g/l, Dithane M- 45 (mancozeb 75%) @ 0.3% and Bordeaux mixture @ 10 g
copper sulfate and 10 g lime/l of water and their different combinations were tested in
randomized complete block design with three replications. Terminal disease severity was the
highest (7.9) on 0-9 scale disease rating in unsprayed check and it was significantly higher than
those of other fungicides sprays. Plots with three sprays of Dithane M- 45 @ 0.3% recorded the
lowest (2.4) terminal disease severity. Disease development was the fastest in the unsprayed plot
compared to all other treatments. Similarly apparent infection rate was the highest in unsprayed
treatment. Area Under the Disease Progress Curve was also the highest in unsprayed plot and it
was significantly higher than those of other treatments. Tuber yield was the lowest (3.93 kg/4.5
m2 plot in unsprayed and the highest (6.08 kg), in the plot receiving four sprays of Dithane M-45
@ 0.3 % and this was at par with the tuber yield of plots receiving two and three sprays of
Dithane M-45. Benefit cost ratio was the highest (1.54) in case of two sprays of Dithane M-45
@ 0.3% at 10 days intervals. All others fungicide spays were uneconomical under Eastern Tarai
condition.Link for e-copy: http://elibrary.narc.gov.np/?r=62
in Rice research in Nepal : Proceedings of 24th National Summer Crops Research Workshop, Khumaltar, Lalitpur, 30-31 June 2004 / Adhikari, N.P.
Title : Evaluation of rice genotypes for resistance to bacterial blight Material Type: printed text Authors: B. Chaudhary ; M Yadav, Author ; Yadaw, R.B., Author ; DB Gharti, Author ; Akhtar, T., Author ; Bhandari, D., Author Pagination: 344-348 p. Languages : English (eng) Keywords: Bacterial blight ; rice lines resistance locations pathotypes Abstract: A total of 244 rice lines in 2002 with a diverse genetic background and 248 in 2003 were
tested for resistance to bacterial blight (BB) over locations. Disease severity ranged from 0
to 9 in both the years. Genotypes differed in disease reaction to BB over locations. During
2002, 4 genotypes scored resistant (R), 104 moderately resistant (MR), 101 moderately
susceptible (MS), 46 susceptible (S) and 19 highly susceptible (HS) to BB at Hardinath. At
Parwanipur, 201 genotypes rated immune. 36 R, 25 MR. and 10 MS to BB. At Bhairahawa, 3
genotypes showed R, 146 MR. 75 MS. 37 Sand 13 HS to BB. During 2003, 3 genotypes
registered R. 112 lv!R. 82 MS, 42 Sand 23 HS to BB at Hardinath while 16 entries did not
germinate. At Parwanipur, 85 enrries were immune, 109 R, 53 MR and 17 MS to BB while 13
entries failed to germinate. At Bhairahawa, 3 entries recorded R, 51 MR. 62 MS, 65 Sand 97
HS to disease. However, 58 and 22 genotypes were R to MR over locations during 2002 and
2003 tests, respective~v. This showed that there was prevalence of variable pathotypes over
locations and thus, genotypes need to be tested over locations to identify donor parents and
resistant genotypes for recommendation.
Out of 216 genotypes including standard and local r;hecks received from International Rice
Research Institute. 45 entries were R, 92 MR. 49 MS. 23 S and 4 HS to BB in 2003 test at
Hardinath, and the rest 3 entries did not germinate.Link for e-copy: http://elibrary.narc.gov.np/?r=1121 Evaluation of rice genotypes for resistance to bacterial blight [printed text] / B. Chaudhary ; M Yadav, Author ; Yadaw, R.B., Author ; DB Gharti, Author ; Akhtar, T., Author ; Bhandari, D., Author . - [s.d.] . - 344-348 p.
in Rice research in Nepal : Proceedings of 24th National Summer Crops Research Workshop, Khumaltar, Lalitpur, 30-31 June 2004 / Adhikari, N.P.
Languages : English (eng)
Keywords: Bacterial blight ; rice lines resistance locations pathotypes Abstract: A total of 244 rice lines in 2002 with a diverse genetic background and 248 in 2003 were
tested for resistance to bacterial blight (BB) over locations. Disease severity ranged from 0
to 9 in both the years. Genotypes differed in disease reaction to BB over locations. During
2002, 4 genotypes scored resistant (R), 104 moderately resistant (MR), 101 moderately
susceptible (MS), 46 susceptible (S) and 19 highly susceptible (HS) to BB at Hardinath. At
Parwanipur, 201 genotypes rated immune. 36 R, 25 MR. and 10 MS to BB. At Bhairahawa, 3
genotypes showed R, 146 MR. 75 MS. 37 Sand 13 HS to BB. During 2003, 3 genotypes
registered R. 112 lv!R. 82 MS, 42 Sand 23 HS to BB at Hardinath while 16 entries did not
germinate. At Parwanipur, 85 enrries were immune, 109 R, 53 MR and 17 MS to BB while 13
entries failed to germinate. At Bhairahawa, 3 entries recorded R, 51 MR. 62 MS, 65 Sand 97
HS to disease. However, 58 and 22 genotypes were R to MR over locations during 2002 and
2003 tests, respective~v. This showed that there was prevalence of variable pathotypes over
locations and thus, genotypes need to be tested over locations to identify donor parents and
resistant genotypes for recommendation.
Out of 216 genotypes including standard and local r;hecks received from International Rice
Research Institute. 45 entries were R, 92 MR. 49 MS. 23 S and 4 HS to BB in 2003 test at
Hardinath, and the rest 3 entries did not germinate.Link for e-copy: http://elibrary.narc.gov.np/?r=1121 E-copies
http://nkcs.org.np/narc/dl/?r=1121URL Evaluation of rice genotypes for resistance to sheath blight under field contions / Bedanand Chaudhary
in Proceedings of the 27th National Summer Crops Workshop, held at Rampur, Chitawan, 18-20 April 2013, Vol. I / Giri, Y.P.
Title : Evaluation of rice genotypes for resistance to sheath blight under field contions Material Type: printed text Authors: Bedanand Chaudhary ; Nabin Kumar Dangal, Author ; Parbati Joshi, Author ; Sudeep Kumar Upadhyay, Author Pagination: 303-312 p. Languages : English (eng) Keywords: Genotypes ; resistance field conditions sheath blight Abstract: Sheath blight of rice, caused by Rhizoctonia sol ani, is one of the most important rice diseases
worldwide; however, no rice cultivar has been found to be completely resistant to this fungus .
Resistance of rice to sheath blight is quantitative, and involves two mechanisms:
physiological resistance and disease escape. Disease escape is mainly governed by plant
structure or plant morphology and physiologically resistance genotypes may exhibit disease in
the field conditions. Therefore, field screening experiments were conducted to address
morphological resistance (disease escape) in rice to sheath blight during the 2011 and 2012
wet season at Regional Agricultural Research Station, Tarahara. A total of28 in 2011 and 174
rice genotypes in 2012 were tested for morphological resistance. The susceptible hill (Swama)
of 56 day old plants was inoculated with infected pieces of rice stem. Number of infected
tillers of test entries was recorded on 14 days after inoculation and continued for three
scorings in both years at 7 day-intervals. During 20 11 disease incidence and area under
disease progress curve (AUDPC) varied significantly among the tested rice genotypes. The
varieties Tetep and lAC 165 had the lowest and highest terminal disease incidence and
AUDPC, respectively. Sabitri, MTU 1010 and IR 26 also recorded lower AUDPC values.
During 2012, rice genotypes varied for disease incidence from 0.0 to 50%. Disease incidence
progressed fast in some entries especially in quality rice. In the first scoring, 24 entries were
disease free (DF) and 32 were moderately resistant (MR). Out of 174 entries, 109, 8 and l
lines were moderately susceptible (MS), Susceptible (S) and highly susceptible (HS),
respectively. In the second scoring, 48, 26, 86 and 14 lines were DF, MR, MS and S,
respectively, to the disease. In the final scoring, IR 79913 -B-1 76-B-4, NR 1887-8-1-1-2,
IR79907-B-425-B-3 , IR 83381-B-B-7-1 and IR 87751 -20-4-4-2 were disease free. Out of
174, 29 genotypes were MR; similarly, 128, 11 and I were MS, S and HS to the disease,
respectively. Based on AUDPC values, 5 genotypes were grouped as DF, 67 as MR, 92 as MS
and 10 as S, respectively. More number of entries scored disease free in the second scoring
than that in the ftrst one. This was because separate hills were considered for scoring in the
different dates. Thus, the result showed that the disease incidence in rice genotypes differed
depending on microclimate conditions of the plantsLink for e-copy: http://elibrary.narc.gov.np/?r=916 Evaluation of rice genotypes for resistance to sheath blight under field contions [printed text] / Bedanand Chaudhary ; Nabin Kumar Dangal, Author ; Parbati Joshi, Author ; Sudeep Kumar Upadhyay, Author . - [s.d.] . - 303-312 p.
in Proceedings of the 27th National Summer Crops Workshop, held at Rampur, Chitawan, 18-20 April 2013, Vol. I / Giri, Y.P.
Languages : English (eng)
Keywords: Genotypes ; resistance field conditions sheath blight Abstract: Sheath blight of rice, caused by Rhizoctonia sol ani, is one of the most important rice diseases
worldwide; however, no rice cultivar has been found to be completely resistant to this fungus .
Resistance of rice to sheath blight is quantitative, and involves two mechanisms:
physiological resistance and disease escape. Disease escape is mainly governed by plant
structure or plant morphology and physiologically resistance genotypes may exhibit disease in
the field conditions. Therefore, field screening experiments were conducted to address
morphological resistance (disease escape) in rice to sheath blight during the 2011 and 2012
wet season at Regional Agricultural Research Station, Tarahara. A total of28 in 2011 and 174
rice genotypes in 2012 were tested for morphological resistance. The susceptible hill (Swama)
of 56 day old plants was inoculated with infected pieces of rice stem. Number of infected
tillers of test entries was recorded on 14 days after inoculation and continued for three
scorings in both years at 7 day-intervals. During 20 11 disease incidence and area under
disease progress curve (AUDPC) varied significantly among the tested rice genotypes. The
varieties Tetep and lAC 165 had the lowest and highest terminal disease incidence and
AUDPC, respectively. Sabitri, MTU 1010 and IR 26 also recorded lower AUDPC values.
During 2012, rice genotypes varied for disease incidence from 0.0 to 50%. Disease incidence
progressed fast in some entries especially in quality rice. In the first scoring, 24 entries were
disease free (DF) and 32 were moderately resistant (MR). Out of 174 entries, 109, 8 and l
lines were moderately susceptible (MS), Susceptible (S) and highly susceptible (HS),
respectively. In the second scoring, 48, 26, 86 and 14 lines were DF, MR, MS and S,
respectively, to the disease. In the final scoring, IR 79913 -B-1 76-B-4, NR 1887-8-1-1-2,
IR79907-B-425-B-3 , IR 83381-B-B-7-1 and IR 87751 -20-4-4-2 were disease free. Out of
174, 29 genotypes were MR; similarly, 128, 11 and I were MS, S and HS to the disease,
respectively. Based on AUDPC values, 5 genotypes were grouped as DF, 67 as MR, 92 as MS
and 10 as S, respectively. More number of entries scored disease free in the second scoring
than that in the ftrst one. This was because separate hills were considered for scoring in the
different dates. Thus, the result showed that the disease incidence in rice genotypes differed
depending on microclimate conditions of the plantsLink for e-copy: http://elibrary.narc.gov.np/?r=916 E-copies
http://nkcs.org.np/narc/dl/?r=916URL Management of Leaf Blight (Bipolaris sorokiniana) Disease of Wheat with Cultural Practices / Prem C.P. Chaurasia in Nepal Agriculture Research Journal, Vol. 7 (2006)
[article]
Title : Management of Leaf Blight (Bipolaris sorokiniana) Disease of Wheat with Cultural Practices Material Type: printed text Authors: Prem C.P. Chaurasia, Author ; Duveiller, E., Author Publication Date: 2006 Article on page: 63-69 p Languages : English (eng) Keywords: AUDPC, culture practices, disease management, leaf blight Abstract: An experiment was conducted at agronomy farm of Agriculture research Station, Tarahara,
Nepal for three consecutive years viz 2000/2001,2001/2002, and 2002/2003 to evaluate the
effects of different cultural practices on leaf blight diseases of wheat caused by Bipolaris
sorokiniana under terai conditions. The experiment was conducted in factorial Randomized
Complete Block Design with four replications. Four factors, two wheat verities RR-21 and
Nepal 297,two number of irrigations (two and three irrigations), two doses of Nitrogen fertilizer
viz. 60kg N/ha and 120 kg N/ha and two dates of sowing of wheat were examined. Different
yield components, grain yield (kg/plot) and disease severity were recorded to judge the effects of
these factors on severity of leaf blight of wheat. Nepal Line 297 had significantly less AUDPC
based on flag leaf infection and whole plan as compared to RR-21. Number of irrigations had no
significant effect on AUDPC, as there was frequent rain during experimental period. Doses of
Nitrogen fertilizer had significant effect on AUDPC based on flag leaf infection. It was higher in
case of 60 kg N/ha. The third week of November sowing of wheat had lower value of AUDPC
as compared to December sowing. Plant height, panicle lengths were highly significantly higher
in case of RR-21 as compared to Nepal-297. Thousand kernel weight, and grain yield kg/ha were
significantly higher in Nepal-297. All agronomic parameters except thousand kernel weight and
number of tillers/plan were significantly higher in 120kg N/ha. The third week of November
sowing of wheat had less plant height and panicle length, higher thousand kernel weight and
more grain yield. Leaf blight severity was highly significantly less in case of Nepal-297. Doses
of Nitrogen fertilizer had significant effect on plant height, panicle length, thousand kernel
weight, percentage flag leaf infection and AUDPC based on flag leaf infection. Based on the
results of three years of experimentations, it can be concluded that Nepal-297 had less disease,
number of irrigations had no effect on disease severity, higher doses of nitrogen fertilizer had
less flag infection and late sowing of wheat also had less disease. Numbers of irrigation’s effects
were inconclusive as there were frequent rains during experimentation period. Based on above
conclusion, it is recommended that growing wheat verity like Nepal-297, use of higher doses of
nitrogen fertilizer and sowing of wheat / first week of Dec help in minimizing the severity of leaf
blight. However late sowing had lowered grain yield.Link for e-copy: http://elibrary.narc.gov.np/?r=48
in Nepal Agriculture Research Journal > Vol. 7 (2006) . - 63-69 p[article] Management of Leaf Blight (Bipolaris sorokiniana) Disease of Wheat with Cultural Practices [printed text] / Prem C.P. Chaurasia, Author ; Duveiller, E., Author . - 2006 . - 63-69 p.
Languages : English (eng)
in Nepal Agriculture Research Journal > Vol. 7 (2006) . - 63-69 p
Keywords: AUDPC, culture practices, disease management, leaf blight Abstract: An experiment was conducted at agronomy farm of Agriculture research Station, Tarahara,
Nepal for three consecutive years viz 2000/2001,2001/2002, and 2002/2003 to evaluate the
effects of different cultural practices on leaf blight diseases of wheat caused by Bipolaris
sorokiniana under terai conditions. The experiment was conducted in factorial Randomized
Complete Block Design with four replications. Four factors, two wheat verities RR-21 and
Nepal 297,two number of irrigations (two and three irrigations), two doses of Nitrogen fertilizer
viz. 60kg N/ha and 120 kg N/ha and two dates of sowing of wheat were examined. Different
yield components, grain yield (kg/plot) and disease severity were recorded to judge the effects of
these factors on severity of leaf blight of wheat. Nepal Line 297 had significantly less AUDPC
based on flag leaf infection and whole plan as compared to RR-21. Number of irrigations had no
significant effect on AUDPC, as there was frequent rain during experimental period. Doses of
Nitrogen fertilizer had significant effect on AUDPC based on flag leaf infection. It was higher in
case of 60 kg N/ha. The third week of November sowing of wheat had lower value of AUDPC
as compared to December sowing. Plant height, panicle lengths were highly significantly higher
in case of RR-21 as compared to Nepal-297. Thousand kernel weight, and grain yield kg/ha were
significantly higher in Nepal-297. All agronomic parameters except thousand kernel weight and
number of tillers/plan were significantly higher in 120kg N/ha. The third week of November
sowing of wheat had less plant height and panicle length, higher thousand kernel weight and
more grain yield. Leaf blight severity was highly significantly less in case of Nepal-297. Doses
of Nitrogen fertilizer had significant effect on plant height, panicle length, thousand kernel
weight, percentage flag leaf infection and AUDPC based on flag leaf infection. Based on the
results of three years of experimentations, it can be concluded that Nepal-297 had less disease,
number of irrigations had no effect on disease severity, higher doses of nitrogen fertilizer had
less flag infection and late sowing of wheat also had less disease. Numbers of irrigation’s effects
were inconclusive as there were frequent rains during experimentation period. Based on above
conclusion, it is recommended that growing wheat verity like Nepal-297, use of higher doses of
nitrogen fertilizer and sowing of wheat / first week of Dec help in minimizing the severity of leaf
blight. However late sowing had lowered grain yield.Link for e-copy: http://elibrary.narc.gov.np/?r=48 PermalinkPermalinkPermalink