Horticulture is an important componellt of Nepalese agriculture contributing signijicamly to
nutrition, food security, economy and Livelihoods of the people. In addition, this sector has
provided employment and business opportrm"ities to various cliellfs and raw materials to
agro-based industries. Horticulture sector currelltly contributes nearly 31% to AGDP.
Despite initiatives on horticulture development started as early as 1940s in Nepal, research
on fruits and vegetables on a systematic manner began only after 1970s. Focused research
on priority issues in a coordinated manner took off only after creation of autonomous NARC
in 1991. Diverse agro-ecology provides highly conducive environmellts for range of fruits,
vegetables and other horticultural crops in Nepal. Tflis has endowed with a rich wealth of
genetic resources of horticultural crops in Nepal. The APP and Tenth Five Year Plan have
explicitly indicated to strengthen fruits and vegetables research and development including ·
supply . of inputs, credits, marketing and processing componellfs to enhairce their
commercialization. Recent research have contributed to develop improved varieties and
production technologies, that have shown impacts on production and income at the farm
level in crops like tomato, cucumber, cauliflower, cabbage, potato, citnTs, banana, and
others. Necessary strategic reforms and supports to strengthen research capability to
address priority demand driven issues and options, developing necessary polices and
marketing supports, and enhancing collaboration and linkage with stakeholders for efficient
and effective outputs delivery have been suggested to address new challenges and
opportunities in h011iculture.

Horticulture is an important componellt of Nepalese agriculture contributing signijicamly to
nutrition, food security, economy and Livelihoods of the people. In addition, this sector has
provided employment and business opportrm"ities to various cliellfs and raw materials to
agro-based industries. Horticulture sector currelltly contributes nearly 31% to AGDP.
Despite initiatives on horticulture development started as early as 1940s in Nepal, research
on fruits and vegetables on a systematic manner began only after 1970s. Focused research
on priority issues in a coordinated manner took off only after creation of autonomous NARC
in 1991. Diverse agro-ecology provides highly conducive environmellts for range of fruits,
vegetables and other horticultural crops in Nepal. Tflis has endowed with a rich wealth of
genetic resources of horticultural crops in Nepal. The APP and Tenth Five Year Plan have
explicitly indicated to strengthen fruits and vegetables research and development including ·
supply . of inputs, credits, marketing and processing componellfs to enhairce their
commercialization. Recent research have contributed to develop improved varieties and
production technologies, that have shown impacts on production and income at the farm
level in crops like tomato, cucumber, cauliflower, cabbage, potato, citnTs, banana, and
others. Necessary strategic reforms and supports to strengthen research capability to
address priority demand driven issues and options, developing necessary polices and
marketing supports, and enhancing collaboration and linkage with stakeholders for efficient
and effective outputs delivery have been suggested to address new challenges and
opportunities in h011iculture.

His_ Majesty's Government of Nepal (HMGIN) is paying a great attention for ensuring the use of
quality seed by the general farmers through different plans, policies, progranunes and legislation
involving many stakeholders. However, during the Ninth Five-Year Plan period the area expansion
was negligible and the production and productivity increment was not found satisfactory.
Similarly, the supply of foundation seed by the public sector was less than 20 %. The supply of
improved vegetable seed was mainly through private sector, farmers to farmers and through
import. The seed supplied through private sector and import including hybrids was increased by
two-folds whereas farmers to farmers 'seed supply amol!nt decreased by around 44 %in 2001/2002
as compared to the 1997198. Seed quality situation was analyzed very seriously and key issues and
constraints for the successful growth and development of the seed industry were found and
reported It is recommeiuled that necessary action to be taken to implement seed law through-out.
the country, regulari(tltion of import of seed, effective monitoring and co-ordination among
stakeholders, assured supply of breeder seed and mandatory seed certification of foundation seed,
development of hybrid varieties, registration of landraces, effective database management and
feedback system has to be established for the sustainable seed industry. Similarly other points like
preparation of standard varietal descriptors, use of farmers' co-operative, establishment of seed
sale point, buffer stocking, sound organizational climate, seed village concept for cross-pollinated
crops, and commodity unbiased project planning and implememation are also equally important.

His_ Majesty's Government of Nepal (HMGIN) is paying a great attention for ensuring the use of
quality seed by the general farmers through different plans, policies, progranunes and legislation
involving many stakeholders. However, during the Ninth Five-Year Plan period the area expansion
was negligible and the production and productivity increment was not found satisfactory.
Similarly, the supply of foundation seed by the public sector was less than 20 %. The supply of
improved vegetable seed was mainly through private sector, farmers to farmers and through
import. The seed supplied through private sector and import including hybrids was increased by
two-folds whereas farmers to farmers 'seed supply amol!nt decreased by around 44 %in 2001/2002
as compared to the 1997198. Seed quality situation was analyzed very seriously and key issues and
constraints for the successful growth and development of the seed industry were found and
reported It is recommeiuled that necessary action to be taken to implement seed law through-out.
the country, regulari(tltion of import of seed, effective monitoring and co-ordination among
stakeholders, assured supply of breeder seed and mandatory seed certification of foundation seed,
development of hybrid varieties, registration of landraces, effective database management and
feedback system has to be established for the sustainable seed industry. Similarly other points like
preparation of standard varietal descriptors, use of farmers' co-operative, establishment of seed
sale point, buffer stocking, sound organizational climate, seed village concept for cross-pollinated
crops, and commodity unbiased project planning and implememation are also equally important.

Potato is the fourth in order of production and fifth in area and first in productivity among
major staple food crops, rice. wheat and maize in Nepal. It is grown all over the cotmtl)' in
tropical climate of terai to temperate climate of high hills from 65 111 • 4000 m as/. Potato
sel1'es as stable food particularly for hilly peoples whereas it is used either as sole or mixed
with other vegetables almost in eve1y meal of Nepalese people. After the establishment of
Nepal Agriculture Research Council (NARC) in 1990, DoA, through Potato Development
Section under takt•s activities such as distribution of clean seed, dissemination of new
technologies and training. For the promotion of potato cultivation, tec:luwlogy like True
Potato Seed (TPS) and Pre-Basic Seed (PBS) uue brought in as early as in 1978 and 1987
respectively to suffice the clean seed requirement in the coumry. During Ninth Fi\•e- Year Plan
special attention was giren for tire production of TPS to cater tire increasing demand and
gradually cut dmmtlre importation ofTPS. Thus, capacity of Horticulture Center Sarlalii and
Nucleus Seed Potato Center, Nigaley, were strenxthened for tlrat objecth•e. A package of
practices for xrml'ing potato tlrrough TPS \\'liS developed through participatOI)' technology
\'erijication demonstration and which promoted farmers' adoption le1'el within short span of
time. Now, TPS is utilized for seed as well as ware potato production at commercial scale.
For the judicious use of inputs and appropriate management practices, Integrated Crop
Management through Farmer Field School (ICMIFFS) approac:/r has been conducted in tire
major potalo growing areas as co/laboralive program !Jetween PDS and institutions like CJ PUPWARD
and CARE Nepal.

Potato is the fourth in order of production and fifth in area and first in productivity among
major staple food crops, rice. wheat and maize in Nepal. It is grown all over the cotmtl)' in
tropical climate of terai to temperate climate of high hills from 65 111 • 4000 m as/. Potato
sel1'es as stable food particularly for hilly peoples whereas it is used either as sole or mixed
with other vegetables almost in eve1y meal of Nepalese people. After the establishment of
Nepal Agriculture Research Council (NARC) in 1990, DoA, through Potato Development
Section under takt•s activities such as distribution of clean seed, dissemination of new
technologies and training. For the promotion of potato cultivation, tec:luwlogy like True
Potato Seed (TPS) and Pre-Basic Seed (PBS) uue brought in as early as in 1978 and 1987
respectively to suffice the clean seed requirement in the coumry. During Ninth Fi\•e- Year Plan
special attention was giren for tire production of TPS to cater tire increasing demand and
gradually cut dmmtlre importation ofTPS. Thus, capacity of Horticulture Center Sarlalii and
Nucleus Seed Potato Center, Nigaley, were strenxthened for tlrat objecth•e. A package of
practices for xrml'ing potato tlrrough TPS \\'liS developed through participatOI)' technology
\'erijication demonstration and which promoted farmers' adoption le1'el within short span of
time. Now, TPS is utilized for seed as well as ware potato production at commercial scale.
For the judicious use of inputs and appropriate management practices, Integrated Crop
Management through Farmer Field School (ICMIFFS) approac:/r has been conducted in tire
major potalo growing areas as co/laboralive program !Jetween PDS and institutions like CJ PUPWARD
and CARE Nepal.

This experiment was conducted during /998199 to 2000/001 at ARS (Hort), Junzla to evaluate
locally available cushion materials and shelf life of Delicious group of apples for minimum
storage losses under normal room condition. For this purpose three cushion materials i.e.
paper, moss and pidal (leaves of Pine wood) including wit/rout cushion in wooden box and
on-floor storage (farmer's practice) were tested in Red, Royal and Go/de11 Delicious apples.
This experi!Jtent was laid out i11 RCBD with four replications. Apple frttits were stored from
September to March and percentage physiological loss i11 weight and number of fruit loss,
total soluble solid and temperature and humidity were recorded. The lowest storage losses
were obsen•ed in paper cushion and the highest in on-floor storage during storage period.
The paper cushion was found statistically superiors over others. /11 Red Delicious apples the
lowest physiological loss in weight 4.1, 9.5, 14.0. 21.1. 33.0 and 47.6 % was obsetved in
paper cushion i11 September to March respectively. The percentage of 11umber of fruit loss
( 1.6. 4.6. 7.8, 1 3.1, 23.7 and 38.5) was also recorded minimum in paper cushion. The highest
physiological loss in weight 10.0, 26.6, 40.3, 55.0, 72.3, and 88.0 % was obsetved in on-floor
storage. The percentage of fruit losses was also high (8.4, 30.4, 41.6, 56.8, 68.0 and 88.0 %)
during storage period in on-floor storage. The similar results were also observed for storage
losses in Royal and Gol{ien Delicious apples in all treatments employed. Among the apple
varieties tested for shelf life none of them showed co11stant and highly significant results
during storage period in any treatment however, .Red and Golden Delicious apples fwd
comparatively better storage life than Royal Delicious apples. Tire results of this study also
indicated that though paper cushion is the best cushion material for minimum storage losses
u11der room storage however, locally available moss and pidal are also recommended to use
as a cushion materials for apple storage of Jumla.

This experiment was conducted during /998199 to 2000/001 at ARS (Hort), Junzla to evaluate
locally available cushion materials and shelf life of Delicious group of apples for minimum
storage losses under normal room condition. For this purpose three cushion materials i.e.
paper, moss and pidal (leaves of Pine wood) including wit/rout cushion in wooden box and
on-floor storage (farmer's practice) were tested in Red, Royal and Go/de11 Delicious apples.
This experi!Jtent was laid out i11 RCBD with four replications. Apple frttits were stored from
September to March and percentage physiological loss i11 weight and number of fruit loss,
total soluble solid and temperature and humidity were recorded. The lowest storage losses
were obsen•ed in paper cushion and the highest in on-floor storage during storage period.
The paper cushion was found statistically superiors over others. /11 Red Delicious apples the
lowest physiological loss in weight 4.1, 9.5, 14.0. 21.1. 33.0 and 47.6 % was obsetved in
paper cushion i11 September to March respectively. The percentage of 11umber of fruit loss
( 1.6. 4.6. 7.8, 1 3.1, 23.7 and 38.5) was also recorded minimum in paper cushion. The highest
physiological loss in weight 10.0, 26.6, 40.3, 55.0, 72.3, and 88.0 % was obsetved in on-floor
storage. The percentage of fruit losses was also high (8.4, 30.4, 41.6, 56.8, 68.0 and 88.0 %)
during storage period in on-floor storage. The similar results were also observed for storage
losses in Royal and Gol{ien Delicious apples in all treatments employed. Among the apple
varieties tested for shelf life none of them showed co11stant and highly significant results
during storage period in any treatment however, .Red and Golden Delicious apples fwd
comparatively better storage life than Royal Delicious apples. Tire results of this study also
indicated that though paper cushion is the best cushion material for minimum storage losses
u11der room storage however, locally available moss and pidal are also recommended to use
as a cushion materials for apple storage of Jumla.

A .~wvey and in situ germplasm evaluation was undertaken in Teratlwm, Jhapa. Morang,
Sunsari and Chitawan districts of Nepal in 2002 and 2003 to sllldy diversity and idelltify
superior lime genotypes for off-season production. A total of 32 accessions (I I trees from hill
and 21 from Terai)fromfanners'field and research station were evaluated for tree cmdfruit
characteristics. The information collected from growers and analysis of five· to ten randomly
collected mature fruits from each selected tree were used to characterize the accessions.
Diversity was noted among accessions in fruit shape, surface texture, base shape, apex shape
and fruit size, number of seeds/fruit, juice content, total soluble solids content and citric acid
content Maturity period of all the acid lime genotypes from hill was October to January but
genotypes that can be harvested from July to November were idemified from Terai of which
two accessions maturing during rainy season with better fruit quality have been selected for
commercial cultivation. This study showed that production period of lime in Nepal can be
extended from four months to seven months (July - January) by utilizing location specific
genotypes for Terai and mid-hill climate.

A .~wvey and in situ germplasm evaluation was undertaken in Teratlwm, Jhapa. Morang,
Sunsari and Chitawan districts of Nepal in 2002 and 2003 to sllldy diversity and idelltify
superior lime genotypes for off-season production. A total of 32 accessions (I I trees from hill
and 21 from Terai)fromfanners'field and research station were evaluated for tree cmdfruit
characteristics. The information collected from growers and analysis of five· to ten randomly
collected mature fruits from each selected tree were used to characterize the accessions.
Diversity was noted among accessions in fruit shape, surface texture, base shape, apex shape
and fruit size, number of seeds/fruit, juice content, total soluble solids content and citric acid
content Maturity period of all the acid lime genotypes from hill was October to January but
genotypes that can be harvested from July to November were idemified from Terai of which
two accessions maturing during rainy season with better fruit quality have been selected for
commercial cultivation. This study showed that production period of lime in Nepal can be
extended from four months to seven months (July - January) by utilizing location specific
genotypes for Terai and mid-hill climate.

A survey was conducted at four main citrus production pocket areas i.e. Khoku (JOOOm als),
Dhankuta municipality ( 1 lOOm als), Mmmabuduk ( 1200m als) and Paripatle of NCRP farm
( 1250 m als), to identify the superior indigenous genotypes of mandarin suitable for mother
stock in 2000 and 2001. Total seven vigorous and healthy fruit trees per location were
selected and collect matured fruit samples (5 fnlits per trees at different direction) for
evaluation. Among them, Khoku trees sample were found superior on the basis of higher fruit
weight ( 100.23 g /fruit), higher juice contains (46.37%) and higher total soluble solids (TSS)
and titrable acid (TA) ratio ( 19.25) followed by the Dhankuta municipality and Mawzabuduk
locations. The fruit sample, collected from NCRP farm was found higher peel percentage
(31.9%) and lower pulp (66.4%) as compared to other location. On the basis of fruit sample
evaluation, Khoku mandarins were found superior for the collection and preservation of
mother plant as compared to the other locations of Dhankuta districts.

A survey was conducted at four main citrus production pocket areas i.e. Khoku (JOOOm als),
Dhankuta municipality ( 1 lOOm als), Mmmabuduk ( 1200m als) and Paripatle of NCRP farm
( 1250 m als), to identify the superior indigenous genotypes of mandarin suitable for mother
stock in 2000 and 2001. Total seven vigorous and healthy fruit trees per location were
selected and collect matured fruit samples (5 fnlits per trees at different direction) for
evaluation. Among them, Khoku trees sample were found superior on the basis of higher fruit
weight ( 100.23 g /fruit), higher juice contains (46.37%) and higher total soluble solids (TSS)
and titrable acid (TA) ratio ( 19.25) followed by the Dhankuta municipality and Mawzabuduk
locations. The fruit sample, collected from NCRP farm was found higher peel percentage
(31.9%) and lower pulp (66.4%) as compared to other location. On the basis of fruit sample
evaluation, Khoku mandarins were found superior for the collection and preservation of
mother plant as compared to the other locations of Dhankuta districts.

wboratory experiments were conducted at National Citrus Research Program, Dhankuta in
two consecutive years (200212003 to 200312004) to optimize tl1e protocol for in vitro plalll
regeneration'of Madame Vinous Cultivar of Sweet Orange (MVSO). Five different levels of
BAP and two levels of fAA were tested in a factorial Randomized Complete Block Design
(RCBD) with six replications. The best treatment, in terms of response frequency and mean
number of axillary shoots per explant was 011 MS medium ( f962) supplemented with 0.5 mg/1
BAP and 0.2 mg/1/AA (4.8 shoots per explant). Effective rooting was observed on MS medium
supplemented with 0.5 mg/1 fAA. The in vitro rooted plantlets were acclimatized in Cello
polyethylene containers for four weeks in room temperature followed by transferring them
i11to the glasshouse. The results reveled that a11 efficient system for in vitro plant regeneration
by multiple shoot formation from in vitro shoot tip explams of MVSO has been successfully
established, thus it is useful for the production of disease free plallling materials. The
pathogen free plants of MVSO could be used as indicator plallf for Biological Indexing of
Citrus Greening Disease caused by gram-negative bacterium (Liberibacter asiatic:um).

wboratory experiments were conducted at National Citrus Research Program, Dhankuta in
two consecutive years (200212003 to 200312004) to optimize tl1e protocol for in vitro plalll
regeneration'of Madame Vinous Cultivar of Sweet Orange (MVSO). Five different levels of
BAP and two levels of fAA were tested in a factorial Randomized Complete Block Design
(RCBD) with six replications. The best treatment, in terms of response frequency and mean
number of axillary shoots per explant was 011 MS medium ( f962) supplemented with 0.5 mg/1
BAP and 0.2 mg/1/AA (4.8 shoots per explant). Effective rooting was observed on MS medium
supplemented with 0.5 mg/1 fAA. The in vitro rooted plantlets were acclimatized in Cello
polyethylene containers for four weeks in room temperature followed by transferring them
i11to the glasshouse. The results reveled that a11 efficient system for in vitro plant regeneration
by multiple shoot formation from in vitro shoot tip explams of MVSO has been successfully
established, thus it is useful for the production of disease free plallling materials. The
pathogen free plants of MVSO could be used as indicator plallf for Biological Indexing of
Citrus Greening Disease caused by gram-negative bacterium (Liberibacter asiatic:um).

Field survey on the prevalence of diseases was conducted during March and June 2001 in 17
commercial citrus orchards from Gajari. Bhumeswar Silang and Basuling VDCs. Laboratory
tests were made for the confirmation of Citrus Tristeza Virus (CTV) and Huanglonbing on the
samples collected from suspected trees in Royal Nepal Academy of Science and Technology's
Biotechnology Lab. The Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay test was used for testing
Citrus Tristeza Virus (CTV) while Polymerase Change Reaction technique was used for
Huanglonbing. Powdery mildew was found one of the major problems especially in the
mandarin trees while anthracnose, sooty mold and greasy spot were recorded as minor
problems among the fungal diseases. The laboratory tests reveals that the frequency of CTV
(non-stem pitting strain on mandarin) is very low about 7.7 percent and that of
Huanglongbing (HLB) is about 10 percent. No vector of HLB was observed during the survey
but the several colonies of aphids - vectors of CTV were present in different orchards.

Field survey on the prevalence of diseases was conducted during March and June 2001 in 17
commercial citrus orchards from Gajari. Bhumeswar Silang and Basuling VDCs. Laboratory
tests were made for the confirmation of Citrus Tristeza Virus (CTV) and Huanglonbing on the
samples collected from suspected trees in Royal Nepal Academy of Science and Technology's
Biotechnology Lab. The Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay test was used for testing
Citrus Tristeza Virus (CTV) while Polymerase Change Reaction technique was used for
Huanglonbing. Powdery mildew was found one of the major problems especially in the
mandarin trees while anthracnose, sooty mold and greasy spot were recorded as minor
problems among the fungal diseases. The laboratory tests reveals that the frequency of CTV
(non-stem pitting strain on mandarin) is very low about 7.7 percent and that of
Huanglongbing (HLB) is about 10 percent. No vector of HLB was observed during the survey
but the several colonies of aphids - vectors of CTV were present in different orchards.

Rhynchocoris Jwmeralis Thunberg (Citrus green stink bug: CGSB) is one of the important
insect pests of mandarin in the westem hills of Nepal, that causes premature fruit drop in
mandarin, resulting heavy loss in fruit yield. This study aims to manage it through integrated
approach, which comprises of its field life cycle and behavior. This study was carried at
Hemja (1060 mas 1.) and Lrmrfe (1675 mas l.) during June to December 2001 and 2002.
Freshly hatched nymphs were inoculated in sleeve cage that was confined to a branch having
2-3 small fruits. Observations were made to record incubation period of egg, duration of each
nymphal instar and number of dropped fruits at each instar. This study revealed that the pest
had five nymphal stages prior to emerge as an adult. The first instar stmted feeding on the
fruit that induced fruit drop. The adult of CGSB remained alive for more than 50 days in the
winter to build population for the next season.

Rhynchocoris Jwmeralis Thunberg (Citrus green stink bug: CGSB) is one of the important
insect pests of mandarin in the westem hills of Nepal, that causes premature fruit drop in
mandarin, resulting heavy loss in fruit yield. This study aims to manage it through integrated
approach, which comprises of its field life cycle and behavior. This study was carried at
Hemja (1060 mas 1.) and Lrmrfe (1675 mas l.) during June to December 2001 and 2002.
Freshly hatched nymphs were inoculated in sleeve cage that was confined to a branch having
2-3 small fruits. Observations were made to record incubation period of egg, duration of each
nymphal instar and number of dropped fruits at each instar. This study revealed that the pest
had five nymphal stages prior to emerge as an adult. The first instar stmted feeding on the
fruit that induced fruit drop. The adult of CGSB remained alive for more than 50 days in the
winter to build population for the next season.

A field experimellt was conducted during 1999-2002 (jour years) at RARS, Tarahara with
an objective to minimize the immature fruit dropping and reduce the economic losses in
coconut. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with eight
treatments in three replications. Number of marketable fruits per tree (fruit yield) gave
significant result each year. The trees supplied with Chemical fertilizer @ DAP 2.5 kg +
MOP 2kg Urea 1.0kg +lime 500g + Borex 150g +Multiplex 250g + Common salt 500g
FYM + 30kg per tree per year produced the highest number of marketabie fruits ( 119)
whereas control treatment produced average 38 marketable fruits per tree per year.

A field experimellt was conducted during 1999-2002 (jour years) at RARS, Tarahara with
an objective to minimize the immature fruit dropping and reduce the economic losses in
coconut. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with eight
treatments in three replications. Number of marketable fruits per tree (fruit yield) gave
significant result each year. The trees supplied with Chemical fertilizer @ DAP 2.5 kg +
MOP 2kg Urea 1.0kg +lime 500g + Borex 150g +Multiplex 250g + Common salt 500g
FYM + 30kg per tree per year produced the highest number of marketabie fruits ( 119)
whereas control treatment produced average 38 marketable fruits per tree per year.

An experiment 0n green wood grajti11g to produce healthy grape (Vitis venifera L) saplings
was accomplished at Regional Agricultural Research Station, Khajura, Nepalgmrj in three
consecutive years (2001, 2002 and 2003). Three differellf cultivars of grapes; Himrod, Kyoho
a11d Stube11 were grafted in second fortnight of April on root stock cultivar selection
Oppemzeim Number Four (S04). Highest number of success was recorded in cultivar Himrod
(87 %) in all three years followed by Stuben (72 %) and Kyolw (56 %). Healthy grape
saplings could be produced by employing greetz wood grafting method in order to improve the
yield and the quality of grape.

An experiment 0n green wood grajti11g to produce healthy grape (Vitis venifera L) saplings
was accomplished at Regional Agricultural Research Station, Khajura, Nepalgmrj in three
consecutive years (2001, 2002 and 2003). Three differellf cultivars of grapes; Himrod, Kyoho
a11d Stube11 were grafted in second fortnight of April on root stock cultivar selection
Oppemzeim Number Four (S04). Highest number of success was recorded in cultivar Himrod
(87 %) in all three years followed by Stuben (72 %) and Kyolw (56 %). Healthy grape
saplings could be produced by employing greetz wood grafting method in order to improve the
yield and the quality of grape.

To verify the suitable grafting methods and seasons 011 jackfruit, a field experiment was
conducted from 2058 to 2060 at RARS, Tarahara. Four grafting methods viz. splice, veneer,
cleft and stone were evaluated in 3 different seasons i.e. March-April, August-September and
November-December, respectively. Grafted plants were maintained under three different
conditions: covered by plastic tunnel, individual plant covered by polythene bag and the
grafted plants kept wzder open condition. 50 grafted plants were used for each experimental
unit. 4 to 6 months old scions were used for grafting. One-year-old rootstocks were used for
splice, veneer and cleft grafting but in stone grafting, two weeks old rootstocks were used.
Splice grafting method covered individually by polythene bags during March- April season
gave the highest success rate (72.6%)followed by veneer grafting method (63.0%).

To verify the suitable grafting methods and seasons 011 jackfruit, a field experiment was
conducted from 2058 to 2060 at RARS, Tarahara. Four grafting methods viz. splice, veneer,
cleft and stone were evaluated in 3 different seasons i.e. March-April, August-September and
November-December, respectively. Grafted plants were maintained under three different
conditions: covered by plastic tunnel, individual plant covered by polythene bag and the
grafted plants kept wzder open condition. 50 grafted plants were used for each experimental
unit. 4 to 6 months old scions were used for grafting. One-year-old rootstocks were used for
splice, veneer and cleft grafting but in stone grafting, two weeks old rootstocks were used.
Splice grafting method covered individually by polythene bags during March- April season
gave the highest success rate (72.6%)followed by veneer grafting method (63.0%).

Mango is one of the important tropical fruits of Nepal ami occurs as a domesticated or ll'ild
entity in the complex of biotic community of the ecosystem. Wide ecological variation and
diverse needs of multi-ethnic comm1mities has enriched the country with genetic 1vealth of
diverse mango varieties and land races. The tropical plain, river gorge areas and sub-tropical
valleys are the regions that are rich in mango diversity. As a result, the global project on
"Strengthening scientific basis of in-situ consen•ation of agricultural biodiversity on-farm,
Nepal componellt" identified mango as a mandatol)' crop and under the project,
ecogeographic sun•ey and genetic di1•ersity was carried to measure the extent of diversity.
Siraha, Saptari, Dhading, Kavre, Parbat. Baglw1g and Dadeldlwra, the districts representing
the Terai and mid-hill ecosystems ll'ere surreyed for mango diversity. Fruit samples of 216
mango trees collected in ecogeographic sun•ey were evaluated for nineteen nwrplwlogical
characters of fruit to understand the genetic relationships. A mnge of \'(/riation e.risted in
varietalfrmit of mango with dijferellf shapes, co/ow; sizes,j7al'fmr (aroma) and taste u·ith 25-
47 coefficiellts of variation and 0.59-0.87 Shannon Weaver index. Principal compm1e11t
analysis of qualitative traits and quallfitative traits of fruits sholl'ed the existence of a
collfinuum diversity of mango in Ne1}(ll with no ecogeograpflic differentiation and qualiwtive
traits were of importance in determining tile groupings and relationships rif mcmgo \'Orieties
under study. The ecogeographic survey findings and genetic di1•ersity results were discussed
relative to the efficient utilization and c:onsen•ation.

Mango is one of the important tropical fruits of Nepal ami occurs as a domesticated or ll'ild
entity in the complex of biotic community of the ecosystem. Wide ecological variation and
diverse needs of multi-ethnic comm1mities has enriched the country with genetic 1vealth of
diverse mango varieties and land races. The tropical plain, river gorge areas and sub-tropical
valleys are the regions that are rich in mango diversity. As a result, the global project on
"Strengthening scientific basis of in-situ consen•ation of agricultural biodiversity on-farm,
Nepal componellt" identified mango as a mandatol)' crop and under the project,
ecogeographic sun•ey and genetic di1•ersity was carried to measure the extent of diversity.
Siraha, Saptari, Dhading, Kavre, Parbat. Baglw1g and Dadeldlwra, the districts representing
the Terai and mid-hill ecosystems ll'ere surreyed for mango diversity. Fruit samples of 216
mango trees collected in ecogeographic sun•ey were evaluated for nineteen nwrplwlogical
characters of fruit to understand the genetic relationships. A mnge of \'(/riation e.risted in
varietalfrmit of mango with dijferellf shapes, co/ow; sizes,j7al'fmr (aroma) and taste u·ith 25-
47 coefficiellts of variation and 0.59-0.87 Shannon Weaver index. Principal compm1e11t
analysis of qualitative traits and quallfitative traits of fruits sholl'ed the existence of a
collfinuum diversity of mango in Ne1}(ll with no ecogeograpflic differentiation and qualiwtive
traits were of importance in determining tile groupings and relationships rif mcmgo \'Orieties
under study. The ecogeographic survey findings and genetic di1•ersity results were discussed
relative to the efficient utilization and c:onsen•ation.

All cxperimellt to el'(lluate the response of nutritionalmanagemellt to improve the productivity
of all old mango orchard (30-35 years) was conducted at RARS. Tarahara during 2055156-
2059160. Standing old trees of lllllllgo orchard were arranged in randomized complete block
design to evaluate the different seven treatments with three replications including control.
Fruit yield recorded in each on- year season ga1•e significa/11 result. The highest average fmit
yield 13.1 mt/lw was observed from the treatment applied with Compost 50 kg + Oil cake I Okg
+Bone meal2.5kg +NPK at the rate of720.182&67/g +Micronutrients (multiplexlagromill)
0.5 kg per tree per year while the lowest fmit yield of 6.6metric ton per hectare was obtained
from comml treatment.

All cxperimellt to el'(lluate the response of nutritionalmanagemellt to improve the productivity
of all old mango orchard (30-35 years) was conducted at RARS. Tarahara during 2055156-
2059160. Standing old trees of lllllllgo orchard were arranged in randomized complete block
design to evaluate the different seven treatments with three replications including control.
Fruit yield recorded in each on- year season ga1•e significa/11 result. The highest average fmit
yield 13.1 mt/lw was observed from the treatment applied with Compost 50 kg + Oil cake I Okg
+Bone meal2.5kg +NPK at the rate of720.182&67/g +Micronutrients (multiplexlagromill)
0.5 kg per tree per year while the lowest fmit yield of 6.6metric ton per hectare was obtained
from comml treatment.

An experimellt on pineapple (Ananas comosus L Merr. ) was conducted at ARS, Malepatan in
acid soil condition ( 4.6-4.8 pH) during the years 1999 to 2003 to evaluate the response of
manure and fertilizers on the plant growth and pineapple production . The experiment was
laid out in a randomized complete block design and was replicated three times. Eigl!t different
levels of fertilizer (NPK) and compost were applied to evaluate their effects on the pineapple
production The results revealed that the manure and fertilizer levels influenced the growth
characters (plant height, leaf, crown and sucker numbers). Maximum suckers ( 1.69 /plant)
were produced wben the crop was supplied with 600: 400: 600 kg per hectare N, P20 5 and
K20 plus 20 ton per hectare of compost. Ma:'Cimum fruit length (10.59 em) and fruit
circumference (29.02 em) were observed at this level of manure and fertilizer application.
Maximum biomass (2.58 kg /plant) and fruit weight (513.33 g per plant) were produced when
the crop was fertilized with 20 ton per hectare of compost plus 600: 400: 600 kg N, P20 5, and
K20 per hectare and were found highly significantly different to other levels of fertilizer
application. The significant response of manure and fertilizers was observed on fruit weight
of pineapple. The minimum fruit weight of 5. 74 tlha which is equivalent toRs. 57,400 /ha, was
observed with the non-treated control crop, whereas the maximum fruit yieliof 11.41 t /ha
which is equivalent to Rs. 1,14, 100.0/ha (gross rerum) was obse1ved when the crop was
supplied with 20 ton per hectare of compost plus 600: 400: 600 kg N. P20 5 and K20 per
hectare where the cost of fertilizer and compost was calculated to be Rs. 75,538.0 /Ita and the
net retum was observed to be Rs 38,562.0 /ha, which was found to be higher than the nontreated
crop suggesting that fertilizer application alone at 200: 100: 200 kg N, P205 and
K20 per hectare could give the highest net- retum of Rs. 75,149.0 per hectare in acid soil
condition of Malepatan.

An experimellt on pineapple (Ananas comosus L Merr. ) was conducted at ARS, Malepatan in
acid soil condition ( 4.6-4.8 pH) during the years 1999 to 2003 to evaluate the response of
manure and fertilizers on the plant growth and pineapple production . The experiment was
laid out in a randomized complete block design and was replicated three times. Eigl!t different
levels of fertilizer (NPK) and compost were applied to evaluate their effects on the pineapple
production The results revealed that the manure and fertilizer levels influenced the growth
characters (plant height, leaf, crown and sucker numbers). Maximum suckers ( 1.69 /plant)
were produced wben the crop was supplied with 600: 400: 600 kg per hectare N, P20 5 and
K20 plus 20 ton per hectare of compost. Ma:'Cimum fruit length (10.59 em) and fruit
circumference (29.02 em) were observed at this level of manure and fertilizer application.
Maximum biomass (2.58 kg /plant) and fruit weight (513.33 g per plant) were produced when
the crop was fertilized with 20 ton per hectare of compost plus 600: 400: 600 kg N, P20 5, and
K20 per hectare and were found highly significantly different to other levels of fertilizer
application. The significant response of manure and fertilizers was observed on fruit weight
of pineapple. The minimum fruit weight of 5. 74 tlha which is equivalent toRs. 57,400 /ha, was
observed with the non-treated control crop, whereas the maximum fruit yieliof 11.41 t /ha
which is equivalent to Rs. 1,14, 100.0/ha (gross rerum) was obse1ved when the crop was
supplied with 20 ton per hectare of compost plus 600: 400: 600 kg N. P20 5 and K20 per
hectare where the cost of fertilizer and compost was calculated to be Rs. 75,538.0 /Ita and the
net retum was observed to be Rs 38,562.0 /ha, which was found to be higher than the nontreated
crop suggesting that fertilizer application alone at 200: 100: 200 kg N, P205 and
K20 per hectare could give the highest net- retum of Rs. 75,149.0 per hectare in acid soil
condition of Malepatan.

Agriculture is the mainstay of Nepalese economy. About 74 percent economically active
labour force relies on agriculture for their livelihood. The productivity of other major
conmzercial plantation crops is either stagnant or have low growth rate. Tea is high value
cash and labour intensive crop. Land fragmentation, landlessness scattered labours and
cost of production are at increasing rate. The incidence of poverty and deprivation is
disproportionately higher in the rural area of Nepal. Among the many commercial crops,
tea has high potentiality to give more production in term of yield per unit area in a given
period of time. It contributes about 0.14 percent of the total AGDP of national economy
and 0. 78 percent to total household consumption A survey was carried out to investigate
involvement of labours on tea cultivation at Dhankuta, Teralztlwm, Jhapa, Ilam and
Panchtha,r in 2003. Four-tea estates, two government Cltiya Bistar Yojana and twenty tea
planters were employed in the survey revealed that 2.43 labours were involved year round
basis for tea farming per day per hectare. In Nepal thirty two thousand people are
employed in tea farming. Tea area and production is increasing every year by 18 percent,
which can minimize the pressure on unemployment and generates income. Such significant
achievement can be obtained in poverty reduction. It is suggested that due to intensive
agribusiness farming tea plantation promotes the agribusiness and provides employment
opportunity to rural people in eastern region of tea growing area and marginalized and
wasteland are utilized where poverty is striken.

Agriculture is the mainstay of Nepalese economy. About 74 percent economically active
labour force relies on agriculture for their livelihood. The productivity of other major
conmzercial plantation crops is either stagnant or have low growth rate. Tea is high value
cash and labour intensive crop. Land fragmentation, landlessness scattered labours and
cost of production are at increasing rate. The incidence of poverty and deprivation is
disproportionately higher in the rural area of Nepal. Among the many commercial crops,
tea has high potentiality to give more production in term of yield per unit area in a given
period of time. It contributes about 0.14 percent of the total AGDP of national economy
and 0. 78 percent to total household consumption A survey was carried out to investigate
involvement of labours on tea cultivation at Dhankuta, Teralztlwm, Jhapa, Ilam and
Panchtha,r in 2003. Four-tea estates, two government Cltiya Bistar Yojana and twenty tea
planters were employed in the survey revealed that 2.43 labours were involved year round
basis for tea farming per day per hectare. In Nepal thirty two thousand people are
employed in tea farming. Tea area and production is increasing every year by 18 percent,
which can minimize the pressure on unemployment and generates income. Such significant
achievement can be obtained in poverty reduction. It is suggested that due to intensive
agribusiness farming tea plantation promotes the agribusiness and provides employment
opportunity to rural people in eastern region of tea growing area and marginalized and
wasteland are utilized where poverty is striken.

A survey was conducted in dijferellt semi commercial tea gro·wing areas of /lam, Panclrthar,
Terhathum and Dhankuta districts in F. Y. 2001102 to get information about the existing tea
growing varieties, their cultivation practices and disease/pest incidence. The varieties
preferred by the farmers were Gumti Selection, Tukdalt-78 and Tukdafr-383 on priority basis.
The mixed cultivation of different varieties within same block was found dominant practice.
9.1% growers preferred to grow the cuttings in polythene sleeve where as rest in soil bed
nursery. The growers used to taking loan from Agriculture Development Bank for plantation,
are only test their soil before sanction. Most of the growers (84%) were found growing tea
without following recommendations. 70.0% growers were found planting the saplings just
after digging rather than digging the pits 2/3 months earlier. Tire average thickness, height
and number of leaves of saplings used at the time of planting varied greatly from 0.8 to 1.08
em, 30.48 to 55.77 em and 13 to 16 respectively. Majorities of the growers were found
planting without following recommended agronomical practices. Of the total growers of study
area, only 12.5% used to apply compost while 91.6%, 86.0% and 54.5% used urea, potash
and DAP fertilizer respectively after planting. The incidence of white grub and thrips were
found major problematic insect/pests and red rust followed by blister blight as problematic
diseases in the study areas. The study clearly demonstrated that there is an acute need of
developmellt of variety, nursel)' management and package of practices for successftd
cultivation of tea crops and its proper scaling up.

A survey was conducted in dijferellt semi commercial tea gro·wing areas of /lam, Panclrthar,
Terhathum and Dhankuta districts in F. Y. 2001102 to get information about the existing tea
growing varieties, their cultivation practices and disease/pest incidence. The varieties
preferred by the farmers were Gumti Selection, Tukdalt-78 and Tukdafr-383 on priority basis.
The mixed cultivation of different varieties within same block was found dominant practice.
9.1% growers preferred to grow the cuttings in polythene sleeve where as rest in soil bed
nursery. The growers used to taking loan from Agriculture Development Bank for plantation,
are only test their soil before sanction. Most of the growers (84%) were found growing tea
without following recommendations. 70.0% growers were found planting the saplings just
after digging rather than digging the pits 2/3 months earlier. Tire average thickness, height
and number of leaves of saplings used at the time of planting varied greatly from 0.8 to 1.08
em, 30.48 to 55.77 em and 13 to 16 respectively. Majorities of the growers were found
planting without following recommended agronomical practices. Of the total growers of study
area, only 12.5% used to apply compost while 91.6%, 86.0% and 54.5% used urea, potash
and DAP fertilizer respectively after planting. The incidence of white grub and thrips were
found major problematic insect/pests and red rust followed by blister blight as problematic
diseases in the study areas. The study clearly demonstrated that there is an acute need of
developmellt of variety, nursel)' management and package of practices for successftd
cultivation of tea crops and its proper scaling up.

Black tea (CTC) were prepared from tea parts green leaf (two leaves and one bud) collected
from Jhapa tea garden by varying the fermentation time as 1.0, 1.30, 2.0 and 2.30 hours at
25.5 °C in the laboratory and it was analyzed. The caffeine content, water extract, crude fiber,
total ash, water soluble ash, acid insoluble ash and alkalinity of ash ranged from 2.91 to 3.53,
32.97 to 38.45, 9.41 to9.67, 6.38 to 6.73, 44.80 to 52.43, 0.32 to 0.59 and 1.81 to 2.06%
respectively. Black tea (CTC) were collected from different tea industries and were analyzed.
The caffeine content, 1\'ater extract, crude fibber, total ash, water soluble ash, acid insoluble
ash and alkalinity of ash rang from 2.60 to 3.82, 34.15 to 42.28, 10.43 to 14.85, 5./7 to 7.27,
36.17 to 65.15, 0.03 to 0.62 and 1.35 to 1.80 %respectively. Analysis showed that caffeine
content in the prepared black tea was higher as compared to industrial prepared tea. Crude
fibber content is low in the lab prepared iea as it is prepared from 2 leaves one bud where as
the tea collected from industry showed high crude fiber. Result showed that caffeine content
increased and water extract decreasing at certain level as the fermentation time increased.
One-hour fermentation time showed better quality tea because it gave low caffeine and high
water extract than other fermentation time and it was also better than industrial tea samples.

Black tea (CTC) were prepared from tea parts green leaf (two leaves and one bud) collected
from Jhapa tea garden by varying the fermentation time as 1.0, 1.30, 2.0 and 2.30 hours at
25.5 °C in the laboratory and it was analyzed. The caffeine content, water extract, crude fiber,
total ash, water soluble ash, acid insoluble ash and alkalinity of ash ranged from 2.91 to 3.53,
32.97 to 38.45, 9.41 to9.67, 6.38 to 6.73, 44.80 to 52.43, 0.32 to 0.59 and 1.81 to 2.06%
respectively. Black tea (CTC) were collected from different tea industries and were analyzed.
The caffeine content, 1\'ater extract, crude fibber, total ash, water soluble ash, acid insoluble
ash and alkalinity of ash rang from 2.60 to 3.82, 34.15 to 42.28, 10.43 to 14.85, 5./7 to 7.27,
36.17 to 65.15, 0.03 to 0.62 and 1.35 to 1.80 %respectively. Analysis showed that caffeine
content in the prepared black tea was higher as compared to industrial prepared tea. Crude
fibber content is low in the lab prepared iea as it is prepared from 2 leaves one bud where as
the tea collected from industry showed high crude fiber. Result showed that caffeine content
increased and water extract decreasing at certain level as the fermentation time increased.
One-hour fermentation time showed better quality tea because it gave low caffeine and high
water extract than other fermentation time and it was also better than industrial tea samples.

An experimem was conducted at Agriculture Research Station (Horticulture) Jum/a in three
consecutive years /998,1999 and 2000 to standardize vegetative me{hods of propagation on
walnut. Four grafting methods (Tongue, Side, Cleft and Bark) and Patch budding were
assessed in four different dates in RCBD with four replications. The grafting methods were
commenced in /5 February and budding in 15 May and reported at/5 days interval. The
percellfage grafting success and bud-take were recorded. The highest percentage of grafting
success was obtained in 30 March in all the grafting methods than rest of the dates. The
highest percentage of successful grafts (48.0) was obtained in Tongue grafting followed by
Side (39.0) and Cleft (34.0). The Tongue grafting was found significantly superior over all
other grafting methods. In case of Patch budding the highest percentage of bud-take (41.5)
was obtained in 30 May followed by /5 June (22.0) and 15 May (17.7). The Patch budding
done in 30 May showed highly significant results over rest of the dates of budding. The high
percentages of successful grafts were observed at maximum temperature of UfC with 60 %
relative humidity whereas high bud-take was observed at 24°C with 62. % relative humidity.
The results of this study indicated that Tongue grafting commenced in 30 March and Patch
budding in 30 May is the appropriate dates and method of vegetative propagation at Jumla
condition.

An experimem was conducted at Agriculture Research Station (Horticulture) Jum/a in three
consecutive years /998,1999 and 2000 to standardize vegetative me{hods of propagation on
walnut. Four grafting methods (Tongue, Side, Cleft and Bark) and Patch budding were
assessed in four different dates in RCBD with four replications. The grafting methods were
commenced in /5 February and budding in 15 May and reported at/5 days interval. The
percellfage grafting success and bud-take were recorded. The highest percentage of grafting
success was obtained in 30 March in all the grafting methods than rest of the dates. The
highest percentage of successful grafts (48.0) was obtained in Tongue grafting followed by
Side (39.0) and Cleft (34.0). The Tongue grafting was found significantly superior over all
other grafting methods. In case of Patch budding the highest percentage of bud-take (41.5)
was obtained in 30 May followed by /5 June (22.0) and 15 May (17.7). The Patch budding
done in 30 May showed highly significant results over rest of the dates of budding. The high
percentages of successful grafts were observed at maximum temperature of UfC with 60 %
relative humidity whereas high bud-take was observed at 24°C with 62. % relative humidity.
The results of this study indicated that Tongue grafting commenced in 30 March and Patch
budding in 30 May is the appropriate dates and method of vegetative propagation at Jumla
condition.

A study was carried out during the summer of 2003 in Bastipur of Siraha and Sripur of
Saptari districts where mango is a major tropical fruit. The objectives of the study were to
understand the diversity of mango mailllained by the farmers, assess the opportunity and
constraints and contribution made by the mango fruits in tl1eir livelihood. Participatory
Rural Appraisal (PRA), Focus group discussion (FGD), transect walk and key informant
survey were the tools used in the study. The cultivation of mango is a tradition in both
villages. History for cultivation of mango was traced since time immemorial. It was also
found that some cultural relationships were also linked with the mango trees as well. In both
sites, generally mango is being cultivated in dry and poor soil and also in marginal lands
where no other crops do well. Diversity of mango has been observed in both villages
maintained by the famlers. The famlers have grown a large number of improved cultivars as
well as locallandraces. Among ihe cultivars Maldha, a medium maturity variety with goodlooking
appearance. size and very good taste. After Maldha, Bombay Green was most
popular for mid season cultivar, Kalkattia and local land races. Fruit has a major role in the
livelihood of the farm family of the study sites, which contributed an average of 40% of the
total household income. Opportunities and constraints in mango production identified and
recommendations have been made accordinglv.

A study was carried out during the summer of 2003 in Bastipur of Siraha and Sripur of
Saptari districts where mango is a major tropical fruit. The objectives of the study were to
understand the diversity of mango mailllained by the farmers, assess the opportunity and
constraints and contribution made by the mango fruits in tl1eir livelihood. Participatory
Rural Appraisal (PRA), Focus group discussion (FGD), transect walk and key informant
survey were the tools used in the study. The cultivation of mango is a tradition in both
villages. History for cultivation of mango was traced since time immemorial. It was also
found that some cultural relationships were also linked with the mango trees as well. In both
sites, generally mango is being cultivated in dry and poor soil and also in marginal lands
where no other crops do well. Diversity of mango has been observed in both villages
maintained by the famlers. The famlers have grown a large number of improved cultivars as
well as locallandraces. Among ihe cultivars Maldha, a medium maturity variety with goodlooking
appearance. size and very good taste. After Maldha, Bombay Green was most
popular for mid season cultivar, Kalkattia and local land races. Fruit has a major role in the
livelihood of the farm family of the study sites, which contributed an average of 40% of the
total household income. Opportunities and constraints in mango production identified and
recommendations have been made accordinglv.

£co-geographic survey to identify the highest diversity areas of mango genotype was
conducted during 2000 to 2003 in terai and hill Districts of Nepal. The study o included the
characterization, evaluation and assessment of fruit quality of the genotypes identified in
diversity areas. The resrdts of studies carried out for three years show that Siraha and
Saptari are very rich in mango /and races, which are to. date, are unexplored and umttilized.
These genotypes are extremely useful for future breeding programme to increase production
productivity and quality of fruits. Fifteen local mango diversity sites for terai mango and
seven diversity sites for local hill mango are identified. Ninety-one terai mango genotypes,
thirty-nine hill mango genotypes from diversity villages are characterized. Similarly, sixty
elite terai mango genotypes, are evaluated, propagated and planted at Regional Agricultural
Research Station (RARS), Tarahara as an ex situ conservation site. Some of the local
landraces of mango such as Titulo Kali, Sona, Sindlture etc. have been found with high
commercial value and they could immediately be recommended for commercial ctiltivation.

£co-geographic survey to identify the highest diversity areas of mango genotype was
conducted during 2000 to 2003 in terai and hill Districts of Nepal. The study o included the
characterization, evaluation and assessment of fruit quality of the genotypes identified in
diversity areas. The resrdts of studies carried out for three years show that Siraha and
Saptari are very rich in mango /and races, which are to. date, are unexplored and umttilized.
These genotypes are extremely useful for future breeding programme to increase production
productivity and quality of fruits. Fifteen local mango diversity sites for terai mango and
seven diversity sites for local hill mango are identified. Ninety-one terai mango genotypes,
thirty-nine hill mango genotypes from diversity villages are characterized. Similarly, sixty
elite terai mango genotypes, are evaluated, propagated and planted at Regional Agricultural
Research Station (RARS), Tarahara as an ex situ conservation site. Some of the local
landraces of mango such as Titulo Kali, Sona, Sindlture etc. have been found with high
commercial value and they could immediately be recommended for commercial ctiltivation.

£co-geographic swvey to identify the flighest diversity areas of citnts genotype was
conducted during 2000 to 2003 in four hill districts of Nepal. The study included the
characterization, evaluation and quality assessment of fruit genotypes that were idelllijied in
diversity areas. Fifteen hill citms genotypes from different villages were characterized and
evaluated. It was found that some of the local landraces of mandarin orange (Swrtala and
Kamala) of Banskharka-1. Bansklrarka-2, Parbat District. Sweet orange (Mousami Local) of
Birauta, Dedeldlrura District and Junar of Ratnac/rura-2, Sindlruli District /rave been found
as having high commercial value and these genotypes could immediately be recommended
for commercia/farming.

£co-geographic swvey to identify the flighest diversity areas of citnts genotype was
conducted during 2000 to 2003 in four hill districts of Nepal. The study included the
characterization, evaluation and quality assessment of fruit genotypes that were idelllijied in
diversity areas. Fifteen hill citms genotypes from different villages were characterized and
evaluated. It was found that some of the local landraces of mandarin orange (Swrtala and
Kamala) of Banskharka-1. Bansklrarka-2, Parbat District. Sweet orange (Mousami Local) of
Birauta, Dedeldlrura District and Junar of Ratnac/rura-2, Sindlruli District /rave been found
as having high commercial value and these genotypes could immediately be recommended
for commercia/farming.

Experiments were conducted at Agriculture Research Station, Malepatan, Kaski district and
fanner's field at Panchakhal of Kavre district and Jiwanpur of Dltading district during the
consecutive years 2002 and 2003 to evaluate the effects of plant growth regulators (PGR) for
off-season flower regulation in3-5 year old guava trees. A randomized complete block design
with 3 replications was employed. Six treatments consisting of naphthalene acetic acid (NAA)
at 800 ppm: ethephon at 1800 ppm; potassium iodide (KI) at 1 percent; urea at 15 percent;
hand-picking of flowers, leaves and fruits; and control (non-treated) were used in the
experiment. The results revealed that the chemicals have significant effects on leaf shedding
and new flush emergence. Leaf shedding was completed in 24.67 days when NAA at 800 ppm
was used. ,Similarly new flushes started emerging in 19.67 days with the application of NAA.
This chemical (NAA) was also found more effective in postponing the flowering time (70 days)
which was 94.4 percent effective than with non-treated control guava plants. Ethephon at
1800 ppm was found very effective (83.33 percent) over that of non-treated guava. Potassium
Iodide ( Kl) was found less effective in postponing the flowering of guava (45 days). Etheplwn
was found nwst effective in shedding the fruits (only 2 fruit per plant not shedded). NAA was
found less effective to shade the fruits from the trees (48.33 fruits not shedded). New fruit
shedding was found to be highest ( 11.5 fruitslplam) in the trees where all the flowers, leaves
and fruits were removed in the beginning. Etheplwn was also found effective for new fruit
setting for off-seasoll. The results indicated that the most effective metlwd to regulate fruit
setting for off-season production was to remove all the leaves, flowers a/Ill fruits by hand
picking method. Application of Ethephon at 1800 ppm was found the most effective hormone
among the other chemicals for fruit setting in off-season.

Experiments were conducted at Agriculture Research Station, Malepatan, Kaski district and
fanner's field at Panchakhal of Kavre district and Jiwanpur of Dltading district during the
consecutive years 2002 and 2003 to evaluate the effects of plant growth regulators (PGR) for
off-season flower regulation in3-5 year old guava trees. A randomized complete block design
with 3 replications was employed. Six treatments consisting of naphthalene acetic acid (NAA)
at 800 ppm: ethephon at 1800 ppm; potassium iodide (KI) at 1 percent; urea at 15 percent;
hand-picking of flowers, leaves and fruits; and control (non-treated) were used in the
experiment. The results revealed that the chemicals have significant effects on leaf shedding
and new flush emergence. Leaf shedding was completed in 24.67 days when NAA at 800 ppm
was used. ,Similarly new flushes started emerging in 19.67 days with the application of NAA.
This chemical (NAA) was also found more effective in postponing the flowering time (70 days)
which was 94.4 percent effective than with non-treated control guava plants. Ethephon at
1800 ppm was found very effective (83.33 percent) over that of non-treated guava. Potassium
Iodide ( Kl) was found less effective in postponing the flowering of guava (45 days). Etheplwn
was found nwst effective in shedding the fruits (only 2 fruit per plant not shedded). NAA was
found less effective to shade the fruits from the trees (48.33 fruits not shedded). New fruit
shedding was found to be highest ( 11.5 fruitslplam) in the trees where all the flowers, leaves
and fruits were removed in the beginning. Etheplwn was also found effective for new fruit
setting for off-seasoll. The results indicated that the most effective metlwd to regulate fruit
setting for off-season production was to remove all the leaves, flowers a/Ill fruits by hand
picking method. Application of Ethephon at 1800 ppm was found the most effective hormone
among the other chemicals for fruit setting in off-season.

Coffee (Coffea spp), is an important cash generative stimulant drink crop after tea in Nepal.
However there is a limited study on existing status of farmers level coffee production in
westem hills of Nepal. An evaluation of famlers' level coffee production was carried out at
Palpa, Gulmi, Kaski and Syangja districts to identify the famlers practices on the
improvement of the coffee production in 2003. Purposive sampling was used to collect the
information. Results from the study described that farmers are generating more than NRs.
160,000 per hectare. Most of the farmers are poorly guided for the plantation of coffee in its
technical base. Coffee plantation utilizes unproductive fallow land and shady area. It also
helps to conserve soil erosion and provide friendly environment condition. Most of the
fanners do not grade their cherry which ultimately spoil the quality of coffee. If they were not
able to sale dry cherry within the production period, they store them more than two years,
which also deteriorate the quality of processed product. Most of the farmers established new
coffee orchard by uprooting seedlings, which germinated near old plants. Results showed that
there is lack of proper knowledge of suitable varieties, grading systems, manuring, irrigation,
proper training, pruning operation, and disease managemellf. However, organic fanning is
common practices in fanners' level of surveyed area.

Coffee (Coffea spp), is an important cash generative stimulant drink crop after tea in Nepal.
However there is a limited study on existing status of farmers level coffee production in
westem hills of Nepal. An evaluation of famlers' level coffee production was carried out at
Palpa, Gulmi, Kaski and Syangja districts to identify the famlers practices on the
improvement of the coffee production in 2003. Purposive sampling was used to collect the
information. Results from the study described that farmers are generating more than NRs.
160,000 per hectare. Most of the farmers are poorly guided for the plantation of coffee in its
technical base. Coffee plantation utilizes unproductive fallow land and shady area. It also
helps to conserve soil erosion and provide friendly environment condition. Most of the
fanners do not grade their cherry which ultimately spoil the quality of coffee. If they were not
able to sale dry cherry within the production period, they store them more than two years,
which also deteriorate the quality of processed product. Most of the farmers established new
coffee orchard by uprooting seedlings, which germinated near old plants. Results showed that
there is lack of proper knowledge of suitable varieties, grading systems, manuring, irrigation,
proper training, pruning operation, and disease managemellf. However, organic fanning is
common practices in fanners' level of surveyed area.

The cellar store technology was introduced during 1977-78. However, the full potential of
this technology has yet to be utilized. The modified cellar store having precooling chamber
had been designed by the use of local material. Therefore minimize the cost of construction
and increase efficiency of cellar store, construction ti01711S and design had been assessed,
recommended and disseminated. Studies conducted during 2058 and 2059 (B.S) at Regional
Agriculture Research Stations (RARS), Lumle in split-split RCBD replicated thrice having
factorial arrangemellfs of factor-A (stalk level: the fruit with stalk and withollt stalk); factor-B
(the fruit color, fruits 50 %and 100 %orange peal color) and the factor-C(the treatmellfs)
and verified within its Research command Area. (RCA) at Mazum, Palpa revealed that the
mandarinfmits can be stored up to 120 days in modified cellar store, having maximum loss
of 23 % in weight and 15 % in number. The shelf life of mandarin orange has been found
effected by factor-A. factor-B and factor-C in fmit year. However, the effect factor A was
insignificant in 2nd year where as the effect of factor-B and factor-C were highly significallf
in both the years. The shelf life of mandarin orange could be increased by maintaining the
orchard sanitation. Also rite blue mould could be managed by the use of garlic extract
solution during storage.

The cellar store technology was introduced during 1977-78. However, the full potential of
this technology has yet to be utilized. The modified cellar store having precooling chamber
had been designed by the use of local material. Therefore minimize the cost of construction
and increase efficiency of cellar store, construction ti01711S and design had been assessed,
recommended and disseminated. Studies conducted during 2058 and 2059 (B.S) at Regional
Agriculture Research Stations (RARS), Lumle in split-split RCBD replicated thrice having
factorial arrangemellfs of factor-A (stalk level: the fruit with stalk and withollt stalk); factor-B
(the fruit color, fruits 50 %and 100 %orange peal color) and the factor-C(the treatmellfs)
and verified within its Research command Area. (RCA) at Mazum, Palpa revealed that the
mandarinfmits can be stored up to 120 days in modified cellar store, having maximum loss
of 23 % in weight and 15 % in number. The shelf life of mandarin orange has been found
effected by factor-A. factor-B and factor-C in fmit year. However, the effect factor A was
insignificant in 2nd year where as the effect of factor-B and factor-C were highly significallf
in both the years. The shelf life of mandarin orange could be increased by maintaining the
orchard sanitation. Also rite blue mould could be managed by the use of garlic extract
solution during storage.

Field experiments were conducted at Khumaltar during 2001/02 and 2002103 to evaluate newly
introduced potato clones for their growth and yield characteristics. Among all the tested clones,
LBr 40, LBr 43, 396082.21, 396233.25 and Sesseni had a higher resistance against late blight
disease in the years followed by clones LBr 44, 396082.16, BSU P03, 1-1035 and 392287.48.
Variety Desiree and clones 392254.33, 396082.6 and 392247.19 were found highly susceptible
to this disease. Kufri Jyoti once recommended as resistant variety also got severely infected with
late blight disease both the years; however, the yield was not affected seriously. Clones
396082.21 and LBr 40 were two outstanding clones followed by 396233.25, BSU P03,
392236.6 and 392254.33 for the LB disease resistance and higher tuber yields. Based on
observed foliage characters, higher tuber yields and high or moderate levels of late blight
disease resistance, further on1arm testing of these clones are recommended in the hills of
Nepal.

Field experiments were conducted at Khumaltar during 2001/02 and 2002103 to evaluate newly
introduced potato clones for their growth and yield characteristics. Among all the tested clones,
LBr 40, LBr 43, 396082.21, 396233.25 and Sesseni had a higher resistance against late blight
disease in the years followed by clones LBr 44, 396082.16, BSU P03, 1-1035 and 392287.48.
Variety Desiree and clones 392254.33, 396082.6 and 392247.19 were found highly susceptible
to this disease. Kufri Jyoti once recommended as resistant variety also got severely infected with
late blight disease both the years; however, the yield was not affected seriously. Clones
396082.21 and LBr 40 were two outstanding clones followed by 396233.25, BSU P03,
392236.6 and 392254.33 for the LB disease resistance and higher tuber yields. Based on
observed foliage characters, higher tuber yields and high or moderate levels of late blight
disease resistance, further on1arm testing of these clones are recommended in the hills of
Nepal.

Regional varietal trial (RVI') and Regional Farmers' Field Trial (RFFT) on potato were
conducted to find out the most suitable and high yielding varieties at the outreach research
(OR) site Hemja ( 1000 masl) and river-basins of westem hills during winter of 2001 and
2002. Seven genotypes were replicated three times in RVI' and si.t: times iiz RFFT.
Experiments were conducted in a RCB design with the plot size of 16.8m2 in RVI' and 21m2 in
RFFT. Spacing was maintained at 60cm x 25cnL Fertilizers were applied at the rate of 20 t/ha
FYM and /50:100:90 kg N: P20 5: K20/ha. Observations were recorded on yield and yield
contributing parameters. The pooled analysis of two-year RVI' data showed a significant
result on tuber yield per hectare. The maximum tuber yield (25.0 tlha) was recorded on
genotype 388764.26 LB and it was found at par. with NSI -17 (22.6 t/ha) and NSI-6 (22.5
t/ha). Where as the lowest yield ( 18.6 t/ha) was recorded in MS-42-3 and was found at a par
with NSI-3W (20.9), NS/-1 3 (21) and NS/-1 2 (20.2) t/ha, respectively. The weight and number
of under sized tubers and tubers/plam showed a significant and highly significallt effect.
Similarly, the pooled analysis of CFFT result showed a highly significant effect on tuber yield
due to genotypic effect. The highest yield (22.38 t/ha) was recorded on the NS/-17 and it was
found at a par with NS1-12, NSI-3W and NS/-6 where as the lowest yield (14.16 t/ha) was
recorded 011 local variety MS-42-3.

Regional varietal trial (RVI') and Regional Farmers' Field Trial (RFFT) on potato were
conducted to find out the most suitable and high yielding varieties at the outreach research
(OR) site Hemja ( 1000 masl) and river-basins of westem hills during winter of 2001 and
2002. Seven genotypes were replicated three times in RVI' and si.t: times iiz RFFT.
Experiments were conducted in a RCB design with the plot size of 16.8m2 in RVI' and 21m2 in
RFFT. Spacing was maintained at 60cm x 25cnL Fertilizers were applied at the rate of 20 t/ha
FYM and /50:100:90 kg N: P20 5: K20/ha. Observations were recorded on yield and yield
contributing parameters. The pooled analysis of two-year RVI' data showed a significant
result on tuber yield per hectare. The maximum tuber yield (25.0 tlha) was recorded on
genotype 388764.26 LB and it was found at par. with NSI -17 (22.6 t/ha) and NSI-6 (22.5
t/ha). Where as the lowest yield ( 18.6 t/ha) was recorded in MS-42-3 and was found at a par
with NSI-3W (20.9), NS/-1 3 (21) and NS/-1 2 (20.2) t/ha, respectively. The weight and number
of under sized tubers and tubers/plam showed a significant and highly significallt effect.
Similarly, the pooled analysis of CFFT result showed a highly significant effect on tuber yield
due to genotypic effect. The highest yield (22.38 t/ha) was recorded on the NS/-17 and it was
found at a par with NS1-12, NSI-3W and NS/-6 where as the lowest yield (14.16 t/ha) was
recorded 011 local variety MS-42-3.

A field experiment was carried out at Regional Agriculture Research Station Panvanipur,
Bara during winter seasons of 2001 and 2002 to evaluate potato genotypes for central Terai
of Nepal. The experiment was laid out ·in Randomized Comple.te Block Design with 3
replications. Twelve potato genotypes were evaluated. Fertilizers were applied at tlte rate of
100:100:60 kg N: P20s: K20 and 20 tons compost per hectare. Among tile tested genotypes
392250.56 was found least affected by late blight (3.0) disease. Two year mean yield data
showed the highest tuber yield (24.002 t/ha) With the genotype 396082.21 and hence
recommended for advance evaluation.

A field experiment was carried out at Regional Agriculture Research Station Panvanipur,
Bara during winter seasons of 2001 and 2002 to evaluate potato genotypes for central Terai
of Nepal. The experiment was laid out ·in Randomized Comple.te Block Design with 3
replications. Twelve potato genotypes were evaluated. Fertilizers were applied at tlte rate of
100:100:60 kg N: P20s: K20 and 20 tons compost per hectare. Among tile tested genotypes
392250.56 was found least affected by late blight (3.0) disease. Two year mean yield data
showed the highest tuber yield (24.002 t/ha) With the genotype 396082.21 and hence
recommended for advance evaluation.

Seven hybrid true potato seed (TPS) families received from the International Potato Center,
Lima, Peru were evaluated and compared with HPS 11167 and HPS 7167 during 2001 to 2003
to see the performance of hybrid TPS families for seedling tuber p_roduction in di.fferellt agroecological
zones of Nepal. The families were tested in randomized complete block design
(RCBD) with four replications. Tuber yield produced by MF II x IPS 67 (5.12 kg/m2
) and
Atzimba x TPS 67 (3.15 kg!nl) at Khumaltar and Lumle, respectively were respectively
higher than other tested families. In Pakhribas, Surkhet and Taralu:;ra maximum tuber
weights were obtainedfromMF II x TPS 67 (3.94 kg/m2
), Serranax TPS 13 (2.24 kg!nl) and
HPS 11167 (6.20 kglm2
). Atzimba x TPS 67 produced significalltly maximum tuber number at
Khumaltar (496.47/nh Lumle (400.85/m2
) and Pakftribas conditions (349.01/m2
), whereas
in Surkhet and Tarahara, maximum tuber number were recorded in Serrana x TPS 13
(352.05/m2
) and HPS 11167 (723.67/m2
), "respectively. The average tuber weight among the
families were statistically significant, Maximum average tuber weights were recorded in LT 8
x TPS 13 in all the locations. None of the families were resistant/tolerance to late blight
(Phytophhora infestans) disease at Lumle. Based on overall performance, TPS families MF II
x TPS 67, Atzimba x TPS 67, MF II TPS 67 and HPS 7167, Serrano x TPS 13, MF II x TPS 67
and HPS 11167 were found promising for seedling tuber production in Lumle, Pakhribas,
Surkhet and Tarahara conditions, respectively.

Seven hybrid true potato seed (TPS) families received from the International Potato Center,
Lima, Peru were evaluated and compared with HPS 11167 and HPS 7167 during 2001 to 2003
to see the performance of hybrid TPS families for seedling tuber p_roduction in di.fferellt agroecological
zones of Nepal. The families were tested in randomized complete block design
(RCBD) with four replications. Tuber yield produced by MF II x IPS 67 (5.12 kg/m2
) and
Atzimba x TPS 67 (3.15 kg!nl) at Khumaltar and Lumle, respectively were respectively
higher than other tested families. In Pakhribas, Surkhet and Taralu:;ra maximum tuber
weights were obtainedfromMF II x TPS 67 (3.94 kg/m2
), Serranax TPS 13 (2.24 kg!nl) and
HPS 11167 (6.20 kglm2
). Atzimba x TPS 67 produced significalltly maximum tuber number at
Khumaltar (496.47/nh Lumle (400.85/m2
) and Pakftribas conditions (349.01/m2
), whereas
in Surkhet and Tarahara, maximum tuber number were recorded in Serrana x TPS 13
(352.05/m2
) and HPS 11167 (723.67/m2
), "respectively. The average tuber weight among the
families were statistically significant, Maximum average tuber weights were recorded in LT 8
x TPS 13 in all the locations. None of the families were resistant/tolerance to late blight
(Phytophhora infestans) disease at Lumle. Based on overall performance, TPS families MF II
x TPS 67, Atzimba x TPS 67, MF II TPS 67 and HPS 7167, Serrano x TPS 13, MF II x TPS 67
and HPS 11167 were found promising for seedling tuber production in Lumle, Pakhribas,
Surkhet and Tarahara conditions, respectively.

Five different hybrid tnte potato seed (TPS) families received from the International Potato
Center (CIP), Lima, Peru were evaluated and compared with HPS ll/67 during the spring
season of 2002 and 2003 to see the peifomzance of TPS families for seedling transplanting for
potato production. TPS were raised in the aluminum trays and 32 days old seedlings were
transplamed in the field in randomized complete block design with four replications at
Klwmaltar, LLtlitpur. Nepal (I 360m as/). Survival of the transplanted seedlings in the field was
ranged from 72.77% to 95.84%. Late blight disease buildup in all the families was far low.
Total tuber weight, total tuber numbers and tuber numbers per plant among the TPS families
were significantly different. The ma.timum total tuber weights (2.44 kglm2
), numbers
( 129.53/nl) and ltlbers per plant ( 15.56) was produced by LT 8 x TPS 67. TPS families LT 8 x
TPS I 3 produced significamly highest average per tuber weight (28.59 g). The rested families
gave the average tuber production in the ratio of29:58: 13 of over seed size (>50 g), seed size
(25~50 g) and under size (<25 g) tubers, respectively. The result suggests that the families LT 8
x TPS 67 and MF I x TPS 67 were promising for potato production through seedling
transplanting under Klmmaltar conditions.

Five different hybrid tnte potato seed (TPS) families received from the International Potato
Center (CIP), Lima, Peru were evaluated and compared with HPS ll/67 during the spring
season of 2002 and 2003 to see the peifomzance of TPS families for seedling transplanting for
potato production. TPS were raised in the aluminum trays and 32 days old seedlings were
transplamed in the field in randomized complete block design with four replications at
Klwmaltar, LLtlitpur. Nepal (I 360m as/). Survival of the transplanted seedlings in the field was
ranged from 72.77% to 95.84%. Late blight disease buildup in all the families was far low.
Total tuber weight, total tuber numbers and tuber numbers per plant among the TPS families
were significantly different. The ma.timum total tuber weights (2.44 kglm2
), numbers
( 129.53/nl) and ltlbers per plant ( 15.56) was produced by LT 8 x TPS 67. TPS families LT 8 x
TPS I 3 produced significamly highest average per tuber weight (28.59 g). The rested families
gave the average tuber production in the ratio of29:58: 13 of over seed size (>50 g), seed size
(25~50 g) and under size (<25 g) tubers, respectively. The result suggests that the families LT 8
x TPS 67 and MF I x TPS 67 were promising for potato production through seedling
transplanting under Klmmaltar conditions.

In order to identify the suitable varieties of potatoes for Kathmandu valley, four sets of potato
varietal trial with ten promising lines, D!!siree, 388572.11(, LT-5, 389708.3, CEZ 69-1, Kufri
Jyoti. Cruza- 118, 388580.6D, 388578.2D and Cardinal as a check variety were tested in RicePofDio
systems for two consecutive· years, 1999100 and 2000/0 I in Chapagaun of l.alitpur district.
Fertilizers were applied@ 100:100:60 NPK kg/ha along with farmers' dose of FYM (20 tlha) as
a basal application during planting. Potato was p/a~~ted in RCBD with four replications (farms)
with a planting distance of 60 X 25 em Among the tested lines, Cru1:1l- 118 produced the highest
tuber yield (31.2 tlha)followed by CEZ 69-1 (25.83 tlha). Cru1:1l118 produced 58% higher yield
over the farmers' variety ( 19.65tlha). Even then fanners did not prefer this variety because of its
white tuber color, delay maturity, low market price and inferior taste. Considering all the
parameters farmers liked CEZ 69-1, which yielded 31% higher compared to cardinal and because
of its red round tuber shape, good taste, and high market price. This variety surpassed the
standard check Kufri Jyoti (23.54 tlha) in tenns of tuber yield. Harvested tubers of CEZ 69-1 were
saved for seed by the cooperator. farmers. These days, they are growing this variety both in
lowland as well as upla11d conditions, and serving as the seed source of the variety for other
neighboring farmers. This variety should be kept under varietal releasing scheme for Kathmandu
and similar conditions.

In order to identify the suitable varieties of potatoes for Kathmandu valley, four sets of potato
varietal trial with ten promising lines, D!!siree, 388572.11(, LT-5, 389708.3, CEZ 69-1, Kufri
Jyoti. Cruza- 118, 388580.6D, 388578.2D and Cardinal as a check variety were tested in RicePofDio
systems for two consecutive· years, 1999100 and 2000/0 I in Chapagaun of l.alitpur district.
Fertilizers were applied@ 100:100:60 NPK kg/ha along with farmers' dose of FYM (20 tlha) as
a basal application during planting. Potato was p/a~~ted in RCBD with four replications (farms)
with a planting distance of 60 X 25 em Among the tested lines, Cru1:1l- 118 produced the highest
tuber yield (31.2 tlha)followed by CEZ 69-1 (25.83 tlha). Cru1:1l118 produced 58% higher yield
over the farmers' variety ( 19.65tlha). Even then fanners did not prefer this variety because of its
white tuber color, delay maturity, low market price and inferior taste. Considering all the
parameters farmers liked CEZ 69-1, which yielded 31% higher compared to cardinal and because
of its red round tuber shape, good taste, and high market price. This variety surpassed the
standard check Kufri Jyoti (23.54 tlha) in tenns of tuber yield. Harvested tubers of CEZ 69-1 were
saved for seed by the cooperator. farmers. These days, they are growing this variety both in
lowland as well as upla11d conditions, and serving as the seed source of the variety for other
neighboring farmers. This variety should be kept under varietal releasing scheme for Kathmandu
and similar conditions.

A patticipatOI)' technology development experiment was carried out 011 potato i11 mid hill bari
land at the Agricultural Research Statio11, Pakhribasfor three consecutive years ( /999-2002) to
develop production packages for early potato production (August planting). Varieties Kufri
Sindlmri, Cardi11al, Desiree and Local Red (Sidhmw Local) were used improved management
practices as well as farmers' traditional practices. In the trial, the highest yield ( 14.85 t/ha) was
given by Kufri Sindhuri. The mean yield obtained under the improved management practices
( 14.03 t/ha) was higher than the mean yield obtained with the farmer's practice ( 11.47tllta). A
net profit of Rs. 7,821 per ropani was obtained from early potato where the traditional
Maize+ Millet croppi11g system was identified as non-profitable in economic tenus. Three years
of experimellfation and subsequent swveys have showed that early potato can be produced in
October-November/or off-season markets.

A patticipatOI)' technology development experiment was carried out 011 potato i11 mid hill bari
land at the Agricultural Research Statio11, Pakhribasfor three consecutive years ( /999-2002) to
develop production packages for early potato production (August planting). Varieties Kufri
Sindlmri, Cardi11al, Desiree and Local Red (Sidhmw Local) were used improved management
practices as well as farmers' traditional practices. In the trial, the highest yield ( 14.85 t/ha) was
given by Kufri Sindhuri. The mean yield obtained under the improved management practices
( 14.03 t/ha) was higher than the mean yield obtained with the farmer's practice ( 11.47tllta). A
net profit of Rs. 7,821 per ropani was obtained from early potato where the traditional
Maize+ Millet croppi11g system was identified as non-profitable in economic tenus. Three years
of experimellfation and subsequent swveys have showed that early potato can be produced in
October-November/or off-season markets.

Four weeks old in t;itro plantlets and stem cuttings of potato cv. Cardinal were plallted under
glasshouse with three plallf geomett)'· viz. 1 OxJO em. 1 5x I 5 em and 20x I 0 em to study the
petformance of theie plallfing materials for pre-basic seed (PBS) production. The study was
conducted in RCBD replicated thrice and the data analyzed with MSTAT-C. It was fotmd that
in vitro plantlers produced five minitttbers per plant as compared to two from stem cuttings.
However, the mean tuber size of PBS produced from stem cuttings was 8. 7 as against 2.8 g
produced from in vitro plantlets. The plantlets planted with 10x10 em spacing yielded the
highest number (294/nl) of PBS. Hence 10 x 10 em spacing is recommended for in vitro
plantlets to maximize the mm1ber of PBS yield and for stem cuttings to maximize minituber
yield as well as minimize the mean minituber size.

Four weeks old in t;itro plantlets and stem cuttings of potato cv. Cardinal were plallted under
glasshouse with three plallf geomett)'· viz. 1 OxJO em. 1 5x I 5 em and 20x I 0 em to study the
petformance of theie plallfing materials for pre-basic seed (PBS) production. The study was
conducted in RCBD replicated thrice and the data analyzed with MSTAT-C. It was fotmd that
in vitro plantlers produced five minitttbers per plant as compared to two from stem cuttings.
However, the mean tuber size of PBS produced from stem cuttings was 8. 7 as against 2.8 g
produced from in vitro plantlets. The plantlets planted with 10x10 em spacing yielded the
highest number (294/nl) of PBS. Hence 10 x 10 em spacing is recommended for in vitro
plantlets to maximize the mm1ber of PBS yield and for stem cuttings to maximize minituber
yield as well as minimize the mean minituber size.

Studies were undertaken in Juwanetar site of Kabltrepalanchok distlict and Naldung site of
Bhaktapur district during 2001/02 and 2002103 to idemify improved potato varieties and
illtroduce improved cultural practices suitable in the rice-wheat cropping systems prevailing in
the mid-hills of Nepal. In Juwanetar site, results showed that the impiVved varieties (Janak Dev,
Kimma/ Red, NPI 106 ad Kufti Jyoti) cultivated either i11 recommended practice or in farmers'
practice, both were found more beneficial to the farmers compared to the local check (md as a ·
result, 30% more yield was obtained by adopting it i11 paddy-potato-maize cropping systems. In
Naldung site, varieties 378711.7, 392207.4 and Desiree as a first crop (awumn season) and
valieties 378711.7 and 388764.26/JJ as a second crop (spring season) were found highly
suitable to intensify in paddy-potato-potato or paddy-potato-wheat cropping systems. giving
significantly higher tuber yields and fit to the cropping systems. Yield pe1jormance and disease
response of variety Kufri Jyoti, one of the check vatieties remained satisfactory in both the
planting seasons.

Studies were undertaken in Juwanetar site of Kabltrepalanchok distlict and Naldung site of
Bhaktapur district during 2001/02 and 2002103 to idemify improved potato varieties and
illtroduce improved cultural practices suitable in the rice-wheat cropping systems prevailing in
the mid-hills of Nepal. In Juwanetar site, results showed that the impiVved varieties (Janak Dev,
Kimma/ Red, NPI 106 ad Kufti Jyoti) cultivated either i11 recommended practice or in farmers'
practice, both were found more beneficial to the farmers compared to the local check (md as a ·
result, 30% more yield was obtained by adopting it i11 paddy-potato-maize cropping systems. In
Naldung site, varieties 378711.7, 392207.4 and Desiree as a first crop (awumn season) and
valieties 378711.7 and 388764.26/JJ as a second crop (spring season) were found highly
suitable to intensify in paddy-potato-potato or paddy-potato-wheat cropping systems. giving
significantly higher tuber yields and fit to the cropping systems. Yield pe1jormance and disease
response of variety Kufri Jyoti, one of the check vatieties remained satisfactory in both the
planting seasons.

Afield experiment 011 potato cultivar Kufri Sindhuri was carried out at Regional Agricultural
Research Station Parwanipur Bara during winter seasons of 1998, 1999 and 2000 with all
objective to recommelld optimum doses of llitroge11 and potassium fertilizers for maximum
yield of potato u11der central Terai of Nepal. The experiment was conducted in factorial
randomized complete block design with four levels of nitrogen (0, 50, 100, 150 kglha) and
four levels of potash (0, 30, 60 and 90 kg/ha), phosphorus ( 100 kg /ha and compost (20 tlha)
remailling constant. The mean yield data indicated that there was all increase in tuber yield
with increased level of llitrogen. Similarly, as the potassium level increased there was also
significant increase in tuber yield Interaction effect of nitrogen and potassium showed the
highest tuber yield (26.35 tlha) with maximum dose of nitrogen ( 150 kg N/ha) and maximum
dose of potash (90 kg/ha). Minimum late blight infection (1.44) was observed at zero level of
nitrogen. As the rate of potash increased, there was a decrease in late blight infection.

Afield experiment 011 potato cultivar Kufri Sindhuri was carried out at Regional Agricultural
Research Station Parwanipur Bara during winter seasons of 1998, 1999 and 2000 with all
objective to recommelld optimum doses of llitroge11 and potassium fertilizers for maximum
yield of potato u11der central Terai of Nepal. The experiment was conducted in factorial
randomized complete block design with four levels of nitrogen (0, 50, 100, 150 kglha) and
four levels of potash (0, 30, 60 and 90 kg/ha), phosphorus ( 100 kg /ha and compost (20 tlha)
remailling constant. The mean yield data indicated that there was all increase in tuber yield
with increased level of llitrogen. Similarly, as the potassium level increased there was also
significant increase in tuber yield Interaction effect of nitrogen and potassium showed the
highest tuber yield (26.35 tlha) with maximum dose of nitrogen ( 150 kg N/ha) and maximum
dose of potash (90 kg/ha). Minimum late blight infection (1.44) was observed at zero level of
nitrogen. As the rate of potash increased, there was a decrease in late blight infection.

Late blight caused by Phytophthora itifestans (Mom.) DeBary is the most devastating disease
of potato causing substantial yield loss in the country. Various agro-inputs are being
advertised and made available to the farmers for the control of late blight. Farmer's Field
School (FFS) has been under way since 1998 in the Kathmandu valley to empower the potato
fanners for profitable technology and input selection with great emphasis on integrated
disease management (/DM) assess in terms of cost effectiveness against late blight. FFS
conducted during Jan-April 2003 at Mulpani-2 Kathmandu, revealed that participated
farmers became able to select technology and inputs as per cost effectiveness and their
requirements. The outstanding experiences of FFS were (I) Variety Khumal Seto-1 was
unanimously selected for higher yield (31.44 tlha) with late blight resistance. (2) Farmers
convinced themselves to grow spring season potato without fungicides spray (3) Farmers
realized that use of "EM"(essential microorganism) and "Magic" (concentrated natural
seaweed fertilizer) spray on potato increased tuber yield but not found cost effective. (4)
Application of Trichoderma harzianum (NIP ROT) was not found effective for late blight
control. (5) Commercial adjuvant (APSA-80), when added into spray solution, was found to
be quite effective to increase the efficacy of fungicide. IDM applied plot produced 34-47 %
more tuber yield than existing farmers practice. Farmers were empowered for technology and
input selection based on per unit cost of production.

Late blight caused by Phytophthora itifestans (Mom.) DeBary is the most devastating disease
of potato causing substantial yield loss in the country. Various agro-inputs are being
advertised and made available to the farmers for the control of late blight. Farmer's Field
School (FFS) has been under way since 1998 in the Kathmandu valley to empower the potato
fanners for profitable technology and input selection with great emphasis on integrated
disease management (/DM) assess in terms of cost effectiveness against late blight. FFS
conducted during Jan-April 2003 at Mulpani-2 Kathmandu, revealed that participated
farmers became able to select technology and inputs as per cost effectiveness and their
requirements. The outstanding experiences of FFS were (I) Variety Khumal Seto-1 was
unanimously selected for higher yield (31.44 tlha) with late blight resistance. (2) Farmers
convinced themselves to grow spring season potato without fungicides spray (3) Farmers
realized that use of "EM"(essential microorganism) and "Magic" (concentrated natural
seaweed fertilizer) spray on potato increased tuber yield but not found cost effective. (4)
Application of Trichoderma harzianum (NIP ROT) was not found effective for late blight
control. (5) Commercial adjuvant (APSA-80), when added into spray solution, was found to
be quite effective to increase the efficacy of fungicide. IDM applied plot produced 34-47 %
more tuber yield than existing farmers practice. Farmers were empowered for technology and
input selection based on per unit cost of production.

The effect of different combinations of nitrogen and potassium on potato cultivar 'Jiri
Local' was studied at Hill Crop Research Program Kahre. Dolakha (1740 mas 1.) during
200012001-200112002. The experiment was conducted in RCB design with 16 treatments
replicated at three times in 7.2 nl plots. Four levels of Nitrogen (0, 50, 100 and 150 kg/Ita)
and 4 level of potassfum (0, 30, 60 and 90 kg/Ita) with constant level of phosphorous (1 00
kg /Ita.) and FYM (20t/lta.) was provided· to all the treatments. Fifty percent of total
nitrogen and all compost, phosphorus and potash were applied as a basal dose. Remaining
50% nitrogen was applied as side dressing at 2"'1 earthling up. Trial u·as planted in four
rows of 3.0 111 long plots by maintaining 60 em row to row and 25 em plant to plant distance
. The results was significant on effect of 100 kg/ha N and 60 kg/Ira K in potato tuber yield.
The highest mean potato yield i.e. 15.9 t/ha was produced from 100:100:60 kg NPK /ha
followed by 1 3.8t!ha from 150:/00:60 kg NPK/ha fertilizer dose. The lowest potato yield
(8. /Ot/ha) was obtained from the plots where only phosphorus and compost was applied as
basal dose.

The effect of different combinations of nitrogen and potassium on potato cultivar 'Jiri
Local' was studied at Hill Crop Research Program Kahre. Dolakha (1740 mas 1.) during
200012001-200112002. The experiment was conducted in RCB design with 16 treatments
replicated at three times in 7.2 nl plots. Four levels of Nitrogen (0, 50, 100 and 150 kg/Ita)
and 4 level of potassfum (0, 30, 60 and 90 kg/Ita) with constant level of phosphorous (1 00
kg /Ita.) and FYM (20t/lta.) was provided· to all the treatments. Fifty percent of total
nitrogen and all compost, phosphorus and potash were applied as a basal dose. Remaining
50% nitrogen was applied as side dressing at 2"'1 earthling up. Trial u·as planted in four
rows of 3.0 111 long plots by maintaining 60 em row to row and 25 em plant to plant distance
. The results was significant on effect of 100 kg/ha N and 60 kg/Ira K in potato tuber yield.
The highest mean potato yield i.e. 15.9 t/ha was produced from 100:100:60 kg NPK /ha
followed by 1 3.8t!ha from 150:/00:60 kg NPK/ha fertilizer dose. The lowest potato yield
(8. /Ot/ha) was obtained from the plots where only phosphorus and compost was applied as
basal dose.

Twelve varieties of potato in Sankltu and Mulpani and 6 varieties in Panchkhal were found
cultivated in the intellSive potato cultivated areas of Kathmandu valley. Potato cultivars,
Cardinal, Desiree, Kufri Jyoti and NPI /06 were common varieties to all localities. Cardinal
was the most preferred variety. Potato tuber moth (PTM), both in the standing crop and in the
storage was the most imponant biotic factor depleting the harvest. Synthetic chemical pesticides
like methyl parathion, de/tamethrin, dich/orvos, and dimethoate were used as foliar spray on the
standing crop. To mitigate PTM in the stored potatoes either shade dried botanicals like
Animesia mtd China berry or synthetic chemical insecticides like methyl parathion or
dimethoate or dichlorvos or malathion dust were used. Pesticide management of PTM and
diseases in potato crop involved an expr;nse of as low as 0.5% of the cultivated cost (Mulpani)
to as high as 15% (Sankhu and Panchkhal) of the total cost of cultivation. The farmers preferred
red skinned PTM resistant varieties.

Twelve varieties of potato in Sankltu and Mulpani and 6 varieties in Panchkhal were found
cultivated in the intellSive potato cultivated areas of Kathmandu valley. Potato cultivars,
Cardinal, Desiree, Kufri Jyoti and NPI /06 were common varieties to all localities. Cardinal
was the most preferred variety. Potato tuber moth (PTM), both in the standing crop and in the
storage was the most imponant biotic factor depleting the harvest. Synthetic chemical pesticides
like methyl parathion, de/tamethrin, dich/orvos, and dimethoate were used as foliar spray on the
standing crop. To mitigate PTM in the stored potatoes either shade dried botanicals like
Animesia mtd China berry or synthetic chemical insecticides like methyl parathion or
dimethoate or dichlorvos or malathion dust were used. Pesticide management of PTM and
diseases in potato crop involved an expr;nse of as low as 0.5% of the cultivated cost (Mulpani)
to as high as 15% (Sankhu and Panchkhal) of the total cost of cultivation. The farmers preferred
red skinned PTM resistant varieties.

A field survey was conducted in September and November 1997 and May 1998 in the Eastem,
Central and We stem hills of Nepal respectively to study the adoption situation of diffused light
storage ( DLS) of seed potatoes and famzers' experiences regarding the DLS technology. The
survey was concentrated in the areas where the DLS was demonstrated previously focusing
011 two dimensions, i.e. (i) adoption of DLS technology by individual farmers or groups of
farmers where a demonstration was made and (ii) the diffusion of the technology around from
its demonstration site. Adoption of DLS technology was clearly a very slow process and took a
long time from initial awareness to the final decision making stage. Overall, tlte adoption of
technology was minimal. Out of 16 Community Seed Potato Stores (CSPS) surveyed, none of
tltem were found successful. The DLS as technology however was adopted mainly in three
sites and 28% of the illlerviewed farmers (79 out of 278) had adopted the technology fully or
partially. Adoption was concentrated near the demonstration sites and it was unlikely to find
the adoption of the technology in areas where it has not been demonstrated. Most adopters did
not make special stntctures for this purpose but used space available in cattle sheds and
farmhoitses instead This paper summarizes the reasons for adoption and non-adoption of the
technology under various environments and discusses its implications for the further
promotion of the technology in Nepal.

A field survey was conducted in September and November 1997 and May 1998 in the Eastem,
Central and We stem hills of Nepal respectively to study the adoption situation of diffused light
storage ( DLS) of seed potatoes and famzers' experiences regarding the DLS technology. The
survey was concentrated in the areas where the DLS was demonstrated previously focusing
011 two dimensions, i.e. (i) adoption of DLS technology by individual farmers or groups of
farmers where a demonstration was made and (ii) the diffusion of the technology around from
its demonstration site. Adoption of DLS technology was clearly a very slow process and took a
long time from initial awareness to the final decision making stage. Overall, tlte adoption of
technology was minimal. Out of 16 Community Seed Potato Stores (CSPS) surveyed, none of
tltem were found successful. The DLS as technology however was adopted mainly in three
sites and 28% of the illlerviewed farmers (79 out of 278) had adopted the technology fully or
partially. Adoption was concentrated near the demonstration sites and it was unlikely to find
the adoption of the technology in areas where it has not been demonstrated. Most adopters did
not make special stntctures for this purpose but used space available in cattle sheds and
farmhoitses instead This paper summarizes the reasons for adoption and non-adoption of the
technology under various environments and discusses its implications for the further
promotion of the technology in Nepal.

This paper antilyses the economics of winte1: potato production of Khet land in
Kabhrepalanchowk District of Nepal, working on the cost benefit framework. The net
profitability of potato production is determined so as to draw purposeful policy
recommendation for the fuation of price of potato crop and the crucial inputs used in its
cultivation. This paper draws the data on area under potato, inputs for its cultivation
including manpower (i.e. labour), bullock power, capital (seed, manure, fertiliser and
insecticides) and gross production of potato from il1te1view with the randomly selected 175
households of Mahadevsthan, Panchkhal, Puranogaun and Tukucha VDCs and Panauti
Municipality. The field survey was conducted from December 1999 to August 2000. The
overall average farm area under winter potato cultivation is 0.20 hectare per household. The
average area of fanu under potato ranges from a minimum of 0.07 hectare to a mcuimum of
0.25 hectare across the survey villages. Winter potato production incurs an average cost of
Rs. JJ,421.9 per farm and Rs. 56,187.2 per hectare per household. The input prices as
reported by household heads are taken while calculating the purchase pl'ices of inputs. The
gross production of potato is 5, 079.8 kilograms per farm. The yield of winter potato is
24,308.3 kilograms per hectare per household. The gross value of potato is obtained
multiplying the quallfity of potato by its farm gate price (that is, price of potato when
prevailed in th.e survey villages during its harvest). On average, gross receipts from winter
potato is Rs.28, 715.9 per farm and Rs, I, 37,392 per hectare per household. Results revealed
that the cultivation of potato in Kabhre district is a profitable engagement. For determining
the profitability of potato cultivation, all cost items, whether paid or noll-paid, used by the
sample growers are taken into account. Then, receipt from the sale of output or potato was
calculated. Deducting total input costs from gross receipts, it is obsen1ed that the net profit
from potato production exceeds its cost of production. The average 11et be11ejit from potato
production is Rs. 17,294.0 per farm and Rs. 81,204.8 per hectare per household.