Early maturity upland crop cultivars allow sequential and relay cropping in either pre- or post-rice cropping patterns. The cultivars have shorter competition periods with rice when intercropped. When a short duration cultivar is not available, maturity of existing cultivars can be altered through the crop's sensitivity to pbotoperiods and temperatures: This alteration is achieved by careful planting date manipulation.   Some cultural practices can also reduce crop harvesting time. Two different species with similar maturity and crop phenology can have different adverse effects on the main crop. Thus, earliness should not be emphasized as .a criterion for choosing field crop species. However, it is more meaningful to compare the maturities of cultivars from a given species.

Early maturity upland crop cultivars allow sequential and relay cropping in either pre- or post-rice cropping patterns. The cultivars have shorter competition periods with rice when intercropped. When a short duration cultivar is not available, maturity of existing cultivars can be altered through the crop's sensitivity to pbotoperiods and temperatures: This alteration is achieved by careful planting date manipulation.   Some cultural practices can also reduce crop harvesting time. Two different species with similar maturity and crop phenology can have different adverse effects on the main crop. Thus, earliness should not be emphasized as .a criterion for choosing field crop species. However, it is more meaningful to compare the maturities of cultivars from a given species.

In considering  adaptation of crops to rice fallow soils, it is necessary to define the  soil  moisture  .characteristies _of the  target  site,  especially  in view  of the poor physical characteristics which limit root  access to moisture  m most nee  fallow soils. Ensuring good stand establishment is a prerequisite to optimum moisture usage in rice fallow soils.    Important  characteristics  in  this  regard  are  established  ability under  saturated  or suboptimal  soil  moisture  conditions, penetrability of  seedling roots, early growth vigour and nodulation  ability.  Drought escape or matching crop duration to probable periods of soil moisture availability offers considerable scope for optimizing use of residual soil moisture in rice fallows.  Recent  development of chickpea  and  pigeonpea genotypes  of shorter duration open further possibilities of adaptin$ these  crops  to  rice fallows by exploiting  drought  escape.   There  are  also genotypic  differences within  chickpea  and pigeonpea  in  drought avoidance  traits, probably  associated  with ability of the root system to extract moisture from a greater soil volume.  Any attempts   at genetic enhancement of drought resistance   in rice fallow   crops   should   be   integrated with   the   various   management options   for maximizing crop transpiration m rice fallows.

In considering  adaptation of crops to rice fallow soils, it is necessary to define the  soil  moisture  .characteristies _of the  target  site,  especially  in view  of the poor physical characteristics which limit root  access to moisture  m most nee  fallow soils. Ensuring good stand establishment is a prerequisite to optimum moisture usage in rice fallow soils.    Important  characteristics  in  this  regard  are  established  ability under  saturated  or suboptimal  soil  moisture  conditions, penetrability of  seedling roots, early growth vigour and nodulation  ability.  Drought escape or matching crop duration to probable periods of soil moisture availability offers considerable scope for optimizing use of residual soil moisture in rice fallows.  Recent  development of chickpea  and  pigeonpea genotypes  of shorter duration open further possibilities of adaptin$ these  crops  to  rice fallows by exploiting  drought  escape.   There  are  also genotypic  differences within  chickpea  and pigeonpea  in  drought avoidance  traits, probably  associated  with ability of the root system to extract moisture from a greater soil volume.  Any attempts   at genetic enhancement of drought resistance   in rice fallow   crops   should   be   integrated with   the   various   management options   for maximizing crop transpiration m rice fallows.

Waterlogging caused several morphological and physiologica] changes in upland crops. Reduction  in  plant   height,  dry  matter,   leaf  area,   transpiration, respiration  and   increase   m  stomata]  resistance   were  exhibited   by  mungbean soybean and tomatoes  subjected to waterlogging treatment.  Varietal differences in adventitious rooting, vigor rating and survival were demonstrated in tomatoes. Likewise, increase in area of intercellular spaces of tomato   was observed. Preliminary study on the use of alcohol   dehydrogenase activity as indicator of resistance  shows some promise.  Varietal   difference   in the capacity to germinate under saturated condition was observed   in mungbean,   but not in soybean.    Likewise, varietal difference in yielding ability of mungbean  and soybean was observed.

Waterlogging caused several morphological and physiologica] changes in upland crops. Reduction  in  plant   height,  dry  matter,   leaf  area,   transpiration, respiration  and   increase   m  stomata]  resistance   were  exhibited   by  mungbean soybean and tomatoes  subjected to waterlogging treatment.  Varietal differences in adventitious rooting, vigor rating and survival were demonstrated in tomatoes. Likewise, increase in area of intercellular spaces of tomato   was observed. Preliminary study on the use of alcohol   dehydrogenase activity as indicator of resistance  shows some promise.  Varietal   difference   in the capacity to germinate under saturated condition was observed   in mungbean,   but not in soybean.    Likewise, varietal difference in yielding ability of mungbean  and soybean was observed.

For the   success   of the  soybean  intensification program  in  Indonesia,  the availability of improved  varieties  suitable  for  each   agro-climatic  of soybean  on wetland after  rice,  14 soybean lines  were  tested in West Java,  Indonesia during the 1988  dry season.   A split plot design  with  three replications was used  for each trial. Mainplots were with  and  without fertilizer (75 kgN  + 100  kgP₂0₅  + 100 K₂0 .Per ha), and soybean lines were used  as subplot.   The  average effect  of fertilizer on yield was significant in Sukamandi,  but insignificant  in Plumbon.   Three individual lines, namely:  IAC  11, Lokon/29-1-10  and  1667/1682-III-1  increased  in yield  with 27%, 18% and  15% respectively, due to fertilizer.  Variety Jidar and  line B3362 p gave the highest yield   on  plot  without fertilizer  (1.6  t/ha)   and  with  fertilizer  ( 1.7  t/ha), respectively.   Variety IAC  11  and  line  B3357  also  gave  a higher yield  (1.6  t/ha)  on plot without fertilizer.

For the   success   of the  soybean  intensification program  in  Indonesia,  the availability of improved  varieties  suitable  for  each   agro-climatic  of soybean  on wetland after  rice,  14 soybean lines  were  tested in West Java,  Indonesia during the 1988  dry season.   A split plot design  with  three replications was used  for each trial. Mainplots were with  and  without fertilizer (75 kgN  + 100  kgP₂0₅  + 100 K₂0 .Per ha), and soybean lines were used  as subplot.   The  average effect  of fertilizer on yield was significant in Sukamandi,  but insignificant  in Plumbon.   Three individual lines, namely:  IAC  11, Lokon/29-1-10  and  1667/1682-III-1  increased  in yield  with 27%, 18% and  15% respectively, due to fertilizer.  Variety Jidar and  line B3362 p gave the highest yield   on  plot  without fertilizer  (1.6  t/ha)   and  with  fertilizer  ( 1.7  t/ha), respectively.   Variety IAC  11  and  line  B3357  also  gave  a higher yield  (1.6  t/ha)  on plot without fertilizer.

Fifteen species of food legumes such as broad bean and pea have long been cultivated in China.  In 1985-86, there were about 3.1 million hectares   of food legumes with a total production of 3.8 million hectares.   The cool season beans are divided into autumn-sown and spring-sown ecotypes. The pests are spring-sown and summer-sown. All of the   food   legumes with many ecotypes   of  varieties  are cultivated by clean culture,  intercroppmg and interplanting.

Fifteen species of food legumes such as broad bean and pea have long been cultivated in China.  In 1985-86, there were about 3.1 million hectares   of food legumes with a total production of 3.8 million hectares.   The cool season beans are divided into autumn-sown and spring-sown ecotypes. The pests are spring-sown and summer-sown. All of the   food   legumes with many ecotypes   of  varieties  are cultivated by clean culture,  intercroppmg and interplanting.

Fifteen species of food legumes such as broad bean and pea have long been cultivated in China.  In 1985-86, there were about 3.1 million hectares   of food legumes with a total production of 3.8 million hectares.   The cool season beans are divided into autumn-sown and spring-sown ecotypes. The pests are spring-sown and summer-sown. All of the   food   legumes with many ecotypes   of  varieties  are cultivated by clean culture,  intercroppmg and interplanting.

Fifteen species of food legumes such as broad bean and pea have long been cultivated in China.  In 1985-86, there were about 3.1 million hectares   of food legumes with a total production of 3.8 million hectares.   The cool season beans are divided into autumn-sown and spring-sown ecotypes. The pests are spring-sown and summer-sown. All of the   food   legumes with many ecotypes   of  varieties  are cultivated by clean culture,  intercroppmg and interplanting.

Fifteen species of food legumes such as broad bean and pea have long been cultivated in China.  In 1985-86, there were about 3.1 million hectares   of food legumes with a total production of 3.8 million hectares.   The cool season beans are divided into autumn-sown and spring-sown ecotypes. The pests are spring-sown and summer-sown. All of the   food   legumes with many ecotypes   of  varieties  are cultivated by clean culture,  intercroppmg and interplanting.

Fifteen species of food legumes such as broad bean and pea have long been cultivated in China.  In 1985-86, there were about 3.1 million hectares   of food legumes with a total production of 3.8 million hectares.   The cool season beans are divided into autumn-sown and spring-sown ecotypes. The pests are spring-sown and summer-sown. All of the   food   legumes with many ecotypes   of  varieties  are cultivated by clean culture,  intercroppmg and interplanting.

Fifteen species of food legumes such as broad bean and pea have long been cultivated in China.  In 1985-86, there were about 3.1 million hectares   of food legumes with a total production of 3.8 million hectares.   The cool season beans are divided into autumn-sown and spring-sown ecotypes. The pests are spring-sown and summer-sown. All of the   food   legumes with many ecotypes   of  varieties  are cultivated by clean culture,  intercroppmg and interplanting.

Fifteen species of food legumes such as broad bean and pea have long been cultivated in China.  In 1985-86, there were about 3.1 million hectares   of food legumes with a total production of 3.8 million hectares.   The cool season beans are divided into autumn-sown and spring-sown ecotypes. The pests are spring-sown and summer-sown. All of the   food   legumes with many ecotypes   of  varieties  are cultivated by clean culture,  intercroppmg and interplanting.

Fifteen species of food legumes such as broad bean and pea have long been cultivated in China.  In 1985-86, there were about 3.1 million hectares   of food legumes with a total production of 3.8 million hectares.   The cool season beans are divided into autumn-sown and spring-sown ecotypes. The pests are spring-sown and summer-sown. All of the   food   legumes with many ecotypes   of  varieties  are cultivated by clean culture,  intercroppmg and interplanting.

Fifteen species of food legumes such as broad bean and pea have long been cultivated in China.  In 1985-86, there were about 3.1 million hectares   of food legumes with a total production of 3.8 million hectares.   The cool season beans are divided into autumn-sown and spring-sown ecotypes. The pests are spring-sown and summer-sown. All of the   food   legumes with many ecotypes   of  varieties  are cultivated by clean culture,  intercroppmg and interplanting.

Fifteen species of food legumes such as broad bean and pea have long been cultivated in China.  In 1985-86, there were about 3.1 million hectares   of food legumes with a total production of 3.8 million hectares.   The cool season beans are divided into autumn-sown and spring-sown ecotypes. The pests are spring-sown and summer-sown. All of the   food   legumes with many ecotypes   of  varieties  are cultivated by clean culture,  intercroppmg and interplanting.

Fifteen species of food legumes such as broad bean and pea have long been cultivated in China.  In 1985-86, there were about 3.1 million hectares   of food legumes with a total production of 3.8 million hectares.   The cool season beans are divided into autumn-sown and spring-sown ecotypes. The pests are spring-sown and summer-sown. All of the   food   legumes with many ecotypes   of  varieties  are cultivated by clean culture,  intercroppmg and interplanting.

Fifteen species of food legumes such as broad bean and pea have long been cultivated in China.  In 1985-86, there were about 3.1 million hectares   of food legumes with a total production of 3.8 million hectares.   The cool season beans are divided into autumn-sown and spring-sown ecotypes. The pests are spring-sown and summer-sown. All of the   food   legumes with many ecotypes   of  varieties  are cultivated by clean culture,  intercroppmg and interplanting.