In order to explore the potential of cage culture of common carp, a series of experiments on
size, feeding and rearing management of common carp in cages were carried out since 1997
for three years in the Lakes Phewa and Begnas of Pokhara Valley. The highest n1ean
absolute daily weight gain (2.36 g.daf1
} was of large size fish stocked (122.6 g) and the
small size .fish stocked (27.8 g) gain weight at the rate of 1.63 g.day-1
. The mean yields were
2.1 and 4.0 kg.m3, respectively, for small and large size fish stocked. Cage coveredfrom all
sides improved recove1y rate by 16.8 andfeed utilization by 20% but/ower growth rate by
3.1 % than fi·om the normal cage. Common carp fed on 20%, 30% and 40% crude protein
contained diet yielded 4.1, 4.9 and 5.1 kg.m3
, respectively. Net weight gain offishfed on
20% protein contained diet was significantly poor (P<O.Ol) compared to the fish fed on
30% and 40% protein .contained diets.
The highest growth rate (0.37 g.day-1
) was in lowest stocking density (0.25 kg.nl-LDI) and
the growth rate was decreased with an increasing density of large size fingerling (LD
group). Similar trend of density related growth rate demonstrated by the small size
fingerling (SD group) with highest growth rate (0.09 g.day-1) for 0.2 kg.m3 (SDI). The
highest yield was 0.46 kg.m3 for loading rate of 0. 75 kg.m3 (LD3) and the net yield ·
decreased proportionally with decreased loading rate. The net yield ranged was between
0.22-0.23 kg.m3 for SD group.

In order to explore the potential of cage culture of common carp, a series of experiments on
size, feeding and rearing management of common carp in cages were carried out since 1997
for three years in the Lakes Phewa and Begnas of Pokhara Valley. The highest n1ean
absolute daily weight gain (2.36 g.daf1
} was of large size fish stocked (122.6 g) and the
small size .fish stocked (27.8 g) gain weight at the rate of 1.63 g.day-1
. The mean yields were
2.1 and 4.0 kg.m3, respectively, for small and large size fish stocked. Cage coveredfrom all
sides improved recove1y rate by 16.8 andfeed utilization by 20% but/ower growth rate by
3.1 % than fi·om the normal cage. Common carp fed on 20%, 30% and 40% crude protein
contained diet yielded 4.1, 4.9 and 5.1 kg.m3
, respectively. Net weight gain offishfed on
20% protein contained diet was significantly poor (P<O.Ol) compared to the fish fed on
30% and 40% protein .contained diets.
The highest growth rate (0.37 g.day-1
) was in lowest stocking density (0.25 kg.nl-LDI) and
the growth rate was decreased with an increasing density of large size fingerling (LD
group). Similar trend of density related growth rate demonstrated by the small size
fingerling (SD group) with highest growth rate (0.09 g.day-1) for 0.2 kg.m3 (SDI). The
highest yield was 0.46 kg.m3 for loading rate of 0. 75 kg.m3 (LD3) and the net yield ·
decreased proportionally with decreased loading rate. The net yield ranged was between
0.22-0.23 kg.m3 for SD group.

A study on fish biodivers!ty changes including environmental variables durin$ pre and
post impoundment conditions of Kali Gandaki River will be an excellent case study. And
seasona!'variation in fish diversity and water quality was sampled in July. November and
March to represent three seasons w~t. winter and summer for pre-impoundment
condition of Kal~ Gandaki River. 24 fish species under 7 families were collected from
Kali Gandaki and Aandhi Khola near Kali Gandaki hydroelectricity dam. Out of 24
species, 10 species were commonly available and 12 species were fairly common. while 2
species rarely available according to local .fishers. The Cyprinids Barilius bendelisis and
B. vagra were the most commonly available fish species in pools and runs off in these
areas available in e·very season. The loach species Noemacheilus shebbearei. N
Rupicola were also the most commonly available fish species.
Water temperature of Kali Gandaki (in Project site) ranged 15.5-23.1°C. Dissolved
oxygen, pH, total dissolve solids, ammonium (NH,N). Nitrite plus nitrate (N02+N03-N),
Phosphate (POrP). and chlorophylf- ranged from 8. 9 - I 3.1 mg/1, 7.4-8.1. 94.3-176.0
mg/1, 0. 0-0. 084 mg/1, 0. 01-0.19 mg/1, 0. 007-0. 017 mgll. and 1. 0-1. 6 pg/1, respectively.

A study on fish biodivers!ty changes including environmental variables durin$ pre and
post impoundment conditions of Kali Gandaki River will be an excellent case study. And
seasona!'variation in fish diversity and water quality was sampled in July. November and
March to represent three seasons w~t. winter and summer for pre-impoundment
condition of Kal~ Gandaki River. 24 fish species under 7 families were collected from
Kali Gandaki and Aandhi Khola near Kali Gandaki hydroelectricity dam. Out of 24
species, 10 species were commonly available and 12 species were fairly common. while 2
species rarely available according to local .fishers. The Cyprinids Barilius bendelisis and
B. vagra were the most commonly available fish species in pools and runs off in these
areas available in e·very season. The loach species Noemacheilus shebbearei. N
Rupicola were also the most commonly available fish species.
Water temperature of Kali Gandaki (in Project site) ranged 15.5-23.1°C. Dissolved
oxygen, pH, total dissolve solids, ammonium (NH,N). Nitrite plus nitrate (N02+N03-N),
Phosphate (POrP). and chlorophylf- ranged from 8. 9 - I 3.1 mg/1, 7.4-8.1. 94.3-176.0
mg/1, 0. 0-0. 084 mg/1, 0. 01-0.19 mg/1, 0. 007-0. 017 mgll. and 1. 0-1. 6 pg/1, respectively.

Samples offeed stuff were collected jhnn fil-e-development regions (~ltlze comlll)' u11d
we1 e analyzed .fvr nutritional values. Nutrient digestibWty of di.fferenl ingrediems by
Rolw, Labeo rohita was carried out -to develop low cost fish feed. Rohu with all average
weight of 10.5 g raised in plastic tanks .were fed at 3% of the body weight. Their faces
1rere collected for a week to determine of apparent digestibility of d1y matter and nutriem
(Protein andfat) in the diet.
Feed stuff of a particular kind showed wide variation in their ~utrient -composition
(protein. fat, ash and moisture) due to variation in variety, culture practices, geography
and so on. Soybean was the most digestible (84 %) with an apparent protein digestibility
(APD) mlue. Rice barn results in the highest APD value (7 1 %) and followed by n·heat
barn (62. 6 %) among the test ingredients but low protein. Labeo rohita was able to
utilize the soybean and mustard oil cake efficiently as dieta1y protein sources. Similarly
Labeo rolzita efficiently utilized rice bran and wheat bran at less than 30% inclusion.fevel
in the diet.

Samples offeed stuff were collected jhnn fil-e-development regions (~ltlze comlll)' u11d
we1 e analyzed .fvr nutritional values. Nutrient digestibWty of di.fferenl ingrediems by
Rolw, Labeo rohita was carried out -to develop low cost fish feed. Rohu with all average
weight of 10.5 g raised in plastic tanks .were fed at 3% of the body weight. Their faces
1rere collected for a week to determine of apparent digestibility of d1y matter and nutriem
(Protein andfat) in the diet.
Feed stuff of a particular kind showed wide variation in their ~utrient -composition
(protein. fat, ash and moisture) due to variation in variety, culture practices, geography
and so on. Soybean was the most digestible (84 %) with an apparent protein digestibility
(APD) mlue. Rice barn results in the highest APD value (7 1 %) and followed by n·heat
barn (62. 6 %) among the test ingredients but low protein. Labeo rohita was able to
utilize the soybean and mustard oil cake efficiently as dieta1y protein sources. Similarly
Labeo rolzita efficiently utilized rice bran and wheat bran at less than 30% inclusion.fevel
in the diet.

Polyculture using two major cmp species of indigenous carp (Rohu, bhakur and naini)
and exotic CGI]J (silver catp, bighead carp and grass carp) stocked in two stocking ratios
(80:20) was carried out for 240 days ji·otn February 1988_ to October 1999 in two
different stocking densities (5000 jingerlingslha and 7000 jingerlings/ha). Av. wt. offish
40-60 g size was stocked in earthen ponds (40 m x 10m). The common carp growth wps
highest (4.5 glday and 4.1 glday) when stocked exotic catps as major species (,80%) in
both stocking densities (7000 .fingerlingslha and 5000 jingerlingslha, respectively)
followed by silver carp (~.4-3.6 glday) and bighead carp (2.5-3.5 glday) when stocked
exotic carps as major species (80%). The growth rates of grass carp, rohu ·and naini
were low (1.3-1. 7 glday) with slightly higher growth rate of bhakur (1.8-2.0 g/day) ·
showing no differences either in stocking ratios or stocking densities. The productivity
obtained highest 4.2 Mtlha when stocked 5000 jingerlingslha using exotic carp as major
species (80%) followed by 3.5 Mt/ha when stocked 7000 jinger/ingslha also using exotic
carp as major catp. The lowest productivity was 2. 0 Mt/ha when stocked 5000
.fif!gerlings/ha using indigenous carp as major species (80%). The survival rates did not
show much difference in all treatments and remained between 75-84%.

Polyculture using two major cmp species of indigenous carp (Rohu, bhakur and naini)
and exotic CGI]J (silver catp, bighead carp and grass carp) stocked in two stocking ratios
(80:20) was carried out for 240 days ji·otn February 1988_ to October 1999 in two
different stocking densities (5000 jingerlingslha and 7000 jingerlings/ha). Av. wt. offish
40-60 g size was stocked in earthen ponds (40 m x 10m). The common carp growth wps
highest (4.5 glday and 4.1 glday) when stocked exotic catps as major species (,80%) in
both stocking densities (7000 .fingerlingslha and 5000 jingerlingslha, respectively)
followed by silver carp (~.4-3.6 glday) and bighead carp (2.5-3.5 glday) when stocked
exotic carps as major species (80%). The growth rates of grass carp, rohu ·and naini
were low (1.3-1. 7 glday) with slightly higher growth rate of bhakur (1.8-2.0 g/day) ·
showing no differences either in stocking ratios or stocking densities. The productivity
obtained highest 4.2 Mtlha when stocked 5000 jingerlingslha using exotic carp as major
species (80%) followed by 3.5 Mt/ha when stocked 7000 jinger/ingslha also using exotic
carp as major catp. The lowest productivity was 2. 0 Mt/ha when stocked 5000
.fif!gerlings/ha using indigenous carp as major species (80%). The survival rates did not
show much difference in all treatments and remained between 75-84%.

A survey was conducted on the pig raising system during the fiscal year 20551056 in
Jlwpa, Morang and Szmsari districts. The purpose of the survey was to collect
il?formation on management system of pig husbandry. All together 90 pig raising
households were surveyed through predesigned questionnaire format. After analysing the
data 87% of the farmers were found raising local pigs while 10% and 3% were found
crossbred and improved breed respectively. Maximum number of pig found was 14 and
minimum ·was 3 heads. 75% poor, 20% medium and 5% rich farmers were found involved
in pig raising. Pigs were kept under intensive, tethered and free-range system of
management. 52% farmers were recorded providing home made brewery residues.
Similarly 35% farmers were fteding their pigs homemade concentrate mixture, kitchen
waste, green vegetable, pumpkin, karkalo and other weeds. However, 13% were
producing only cereal by products including rice bran, maize bran, wheat bran and
broken cereal grains. The feeding was recorded 2-3 times daily. Most of the sheds
observed were made of stone and wood jlooring with tiles and thatched roof Feeding
trough were made locally either wood or cement. The pen were found unhygenic
condition in their management system like troughs were normally found uncleaned and
pig manure was not disposed regularly. Under this management system, natural service
were recorded at the age of 11 to 12 months which farrowed 14 to 16 months of age.
However, litter size was obtained 8 to 10 piglets(farrowing. The mortality rate of their
piglets varied from 20 to 25% before weaning. The health care and managerial practices
were found being neglected.

A survey was conducted on the pig raising system during the fiscal year 20551056 in
Jlwpa, Morang and Szmsari districts. The purpose of the survey was to collect
il?formation on management system of pig husbandry. All together 90 pig raising
households were surveyed through predesigned questionnaire format. After analysing the
data 87% of the farmers were found raising local pigs while 10% and 3% were found
crossbred and improved breed respectively. Maximum number of pig found was 14 and
minimum ·was 3 heads. 75% poor, 20% medium and 5% rich farmers were found involved
in pig raising. Pigs were kept under intensive, tethered and free-range system of
management. 52% farmers were recorded providing home made brewery residues.
Similarly 35% farmers were fteding their pigs homemade concentrate mixture, kitchen
waste, green vegetable, pumpkin, karkalo and other weeds. However, 13% were
producing only cereal by products including rice bran, maize bran, wheat bran and
broken cereal grains. The feeding was recorded 2-3 times daily. Most of the sheds
observed were made of stone and wood jlooring with tiles and thatched roof Feeding
trough were made locally either wood or cement. The pen were found unhygenic
condition in their management system like troughs were normally found uncleaned and
pig manure was not disposed regularly. Under this management system, natural service
were recorded at the age of 11 to 12 months which farrowed 14 to 16 months of age.
However, litter size was obtained 8 to 10 piglets(farrowing. The mortality rate of their
piglets varied from 20 to 25% before weaning. The health care and managerial practices
were found being neglected.

A rural poultty farming system survey in which management practices is one of the
components was conducted during 2055/56 in Nursing of Sunsari and Phulbaria of
Siraha. Rural poullly rearing farmers supplemented information for the completion of
this study with the objective to identify areas of research and services for improvement of
management to the rural poultry in eastern terai region of Nepal. Farmers were
unknown about management practices ofpoultty i.e. breeding, nutrition health care etc.
Chicks' mortality in the eastern terai of Nepal was more than 10- 20% at brooding age
by predators, Coccidiosis, Ne·w Castle disease, Fowl pox and parasitic infoctions.
Farmers ignored fi"equency of vaccination, system of breeding, deworming to their birds.
Non availability of some of the important dr ·gs and vaccinations caused mortality. The
majority of the respondent farmers were found illiterate and their source of income was
agriculture including livestock and labor. Some imporlant areas of research o1! breeding,
nutritional and health care are suggested.

A rural poultty farming system survey in which management practices is one of the
components was conducted during 2055/56 in Nursing of Sunsari and Phulbaria of
Siraha. Rural poullly rearing farmers supplemented information for the completion of
this study with the objective to identify areas of research and services for improvement of
management to the rural poultry in eastern terai region of Nepal. Farmers were
unknown about management practices ofpoultty i.e. breeding, nutrition health care etc.
Chicks' mortality in the eastern terai of Nepal was more than 10- 20% at brooding age
by predators, Coccidiosis, Ne·w Castle disease, Fowl pox and parasitic infoctions.
Farmers ignored fi"equency of vaccination, system of breeding, deworming to their birds.
Non availability of some of the important dr ·gs and vaccinations caused mortality. The
majority of the respondent farmers were found illiterate and their source of income was
agriculture including livestock and labor. Some imporlant areas of research o1! breeding,
nutritional and health care are suggested.

The raising of Angora rabbits for wool production has been considered to be a
remunerative enterprise for small resource-poor hill farmers which can return more with
less investment. However, farmers have reported a problem with the marketing of their
Angora wool. After discussion with producers and consumers the main problem found
was in the quality of the wool being produced on-farm by the small farmers. To cope
with this problem a research trial initiated in 1998 at Agricultural Research Station
(ARS), Pakhribas. Housing system, wool harvesting method and feed sources were the
parameters across which the quality of wool was considered dependent upon. A housing
system cum harvesting method trial completed last year and the results revealed that the
station existing system of housing, which makes use of indigenous bamboo, is at par with
the cage system made up of galvanized iron netting. Plucking is a better wool harvesting
method than the current method of shearing. While considering the effect of sex on the
wool production, females showed the better performance than males but the difference of
sex on wool production was not significant. Castration resulted negatively in wool
production.

The raising of Angora rabbits for wool production has been considered to be a
remunerative enterprise for small resource-poor hill farmers which can return more with
less investment. However, farmers have reported a problem with the marketing of their
Angora wool. After discussion with producers and consumers the main problem found
was in the quality of the wool being produced on-farm by the small farmers. To cope
with this problem a research trial initiated in 1998 at Agricultural Research Station
(ARS), Pakhribas. Housing system, wool harvesting method and feed sources were the
parameters across which the quality of wool was considered dependent upon. A housing
system cum harvesting method trial completed last year and the results revealed that the
station existing system of housing, which makes use of indigenous bamboo, is at par with
the cage system made up of galvanized iron netting. Plucking is a better wool harvesting
method than the current method of shearing. While considering the effect of sex on the
wool production, females showed the better performance than males but the difference of
sex on wool production was not significant. Castration resulted negatively in wool
production.

A study was carried out in order to find out the bio-mass and seed production on the different (20th
November to 5th December at 15 days intervals) sowing times of ten oat cultivars under rainfed
condition at RARS Nepalgunj in 1998-99. The result showed significant differences on the biomass
and seed yields between the cultivars and sowing dates (P<O.OS). All tested sowing times were
most sensitive to the green fodder cutting ji-equencies, biomass and seed productions. Total
three cuttings of green forage and 3 960 kg dry matter/ha bio-mass, 1966 kglha seed grain
yield were recorded from 20'" November sowing and decreasing _trend was noted down in the
later sowing periods. The Oat cultivar Canadian and Omihi were observed less sensitive to late
sowingfor the bio-mass production, because of the similar dry matter (4158 to 4193 kglha and 3950
to 3882 kglha respectively) yields on 2(/11 November to 5'" December sowings. But the seed grain
production was the lower (Canadian-1223 to 426 Kglha and Omihi- 2000 to 1773 kglha) at the same
sowing times. The cultivar Bundel-851 pr~duced the highest biomass (4559 to 3932 kg dmlha) and
seed grain (2540 to 2000 kglha) at 2d" November to 5'" December sowing period.

A study was carried out in order to find out the bio-mass and seed production on the different (20th
November to 5th December at 15 days intervals) sowing times of ten oat cultivars under rainfed
condition at RARS Nepalgunj in 1998-99. The result showed significant differences on the biomass
and seed yields between the cultivars and sowing dates (P<O.OS). All tested sowing times were
most sensitive to the green fodder cutting ji-equencies, biomass and seed productions. Total
three cuttings of green forage and 3 960 kg dry matter/ha bio-mass, 1966 kglha seed grain
yield were recorded from 20'" November sowing and decreasing _trend was noted down in the
later sowing periods. The Oat cultivar Canadian and Omihi were observed less sensitive to late
sowingfor the bio-mass production, because of the similar dry matter (4158 to 4193 kglha and 3950
to 3882 kglha respectively) yields on 2(/11 November to 5'" December sowings. But the seed grain
production was the lower (Canadian-1223 to 426 Kglha and Omihi- 2000 to 1773 kglha) at the same
sowing times. The cultivar Bundel-851 pr~duced the highest biomass (4559 to 3932 kg dmlha) and
seed grain (2540 to 2000 kglha) at 2d" November to 5'" December sowing period.

Rasuwa district is located at an elevation of 600-7254 mas/ and has climatic diversity from
river basin to High Mountain. There are many apple orchards through out the district.
Quantitative and qualitative shortage of feed and forage for migratory and sedentary
livestock during winter month has been impeding livestock production. Production of exotic
temperate pasture species under apple orchard will support the winter feed and forage for
livestock The experiment was conducted under apple orchard condition at an elevation of
1960 mas[ Syaphry VDC of Rasuwa district. The treatment· were Cocks foot (Dactylis
glomerata), White clover (Trifolium repens), Ryegrass (Lolium Pereme), Native grasses and
combination. There was significant difference (P<O.OOJ) between different treatment group
for DM Production (3. 05±0. 68 tlha) and Rye grass sows least DM production (0. 05±0.45
tlha).

Rasuwa district is located at an elevation of 600-7254 mas/ and has climatic diversity from
river basin to High Mountain. There are many apple orchards through out the district.
Quantitative and qualitative shortage of feed and forage for migratory and sedentary
livestock during winter month has been impeding livestock production. Production of exotic
temperate pasture species under apple orchard will support the winter feed and forage for
livestock The experiment was conducted under apple orchard condition at an elevation of
1960 mas[ Syaphry VDC of Rasuwa district. The treatment· were Cocks foot (Dactylis
glomerata), White clover (Trifolium repens), Ryegrass (Lolium Pereme), Native grasses and
combination. There was significant difference (P<O.OOJ) between different treatment group
for DM Production (3. 05±0. 68 tlha) and Rye grass sows least DM production (0. 05±0.45
tlha).

Four winters forage legumes Common vetch, Bold pea, Whiro pea and Trifid pea were
studied for both forage and seed yield under three different cutting management ·practices.
On an average of three year, Common vetch (Vicia sativa) produced the maximum forage
yield (5.4 t/ha) among four winter forage legumes from two cutting management practices
which is highly significant to one cutting management practices. Similarly within three Pisum
spps, Whiro pea produced more green matter ( 4.1 t/ha) from two cutting management
practices and the lowest was obtained from Bold pea (0 . 7 3 t/ha) in one cutting. Irrespective
of forage spps. The maximum seed yield from Vetch( 2. 5 t/ha) was obtained from zero cut
management practices followed 1. 0 and 0. 7 t/ha from one cut and two cut management
practices respectively. Whiro pea produced more seed (2.2 t/ha) among three Pisum spps in
zero cutting. Vicia sativa produced the maximum (2. 5 t/ha) seed. A significant difference of
treatments was found on green matter (P<O.OOJ) and seed production (P<O.OOJ) among four
winter forage legumes on cultivation practices.

Four winters forage legumes Common vetch, Bold pea, Whiro pea and Trifid pea were
studied for both forage and seed yield under three different cutting management ·practices.
On an average of three year, Common vetch (Vicia sativa) produced the maximum forage
yield (5.4 t/ha) among four winter forage legumes from two cutting management practices
which is highly significant to one cutting management practices. Similarly within three Pisum
spps, Whiro pea produced more green matter ( 4.1 t/ha) from two cutting management
practices and the lowest was obtained from Bold pea (0 . 7 3 t/ha) in one cutting. Irrespective
of forage spps. The maximum seed yield from Vetch( 2. 5 t/ha) was obtained from zero cut
management practices followed 1. 0 and 0. 7 t/ha from one cut and two cut management
practices respectively. Whiro pea produced more seed (2.2 t/ha) among three Pisum spps in
zero cutting. Vicia sativa produced the maximum (2. 5 t/ha) seed. A significant difference of
treatments was found on green matter (P<O.OOJ) and seed production (P<O.OOJ) among four
winter forage legumes on cultivation practices.

The majority of soils of the degraded forest land are infertile, acidic and low in available
Phosphate, Sulfur, and possibly Molybdenum. A study was done to know the effect of
inoculation and treatment with line in production yield of Stylo (Stylosanthes guianensis cv.
Cook). On an average 34.8 and 37.5 t/ha of green forage was producedfrom inoculated Stylo
in the years 1997 and 1998 respectively. This production was significantly higher {P<0.05)
than control (without inocult;Ztion and lime application) Compared among the districts,
significant difference {P< 0. 05) was observed with Ramechhap district producing lowest 1 7. 0
and 18.0 tlha in control group against the highest yield of 48 and 49.2 t/h in Makwanpur
district. The green forage yield was recorded comparatively higher in second year than in the
.first year in almost all the treatments and districts.

The majority of soils of the degraded forest land are infertile, acidic and low in available
Phosphate, Sulfur, and possibly Molybdenum. A study was done to know the effect of
inoculation and treatment with line in production yield of Stylo (Stylosanthes guianensis cv.
Cook). On an average 34.8 and 37.5 t/ha of green forage was producedfrom inoculated Stylo
in the years 1997 and 1998 respectively. This production was significantly higher {P<0.05)
than control (without inocult;Ztion and lime application) Compared among the districts,
significant difference {P< 0. 05) was observed with Ramechhap district producing lowest 1 7. 0
and 18.0 tlha in control group against the highest yield of 48 and 49.2 t/h in Makwanpur
district. The green forage yield was recorded comparatively higher in second year than in the
.first year in almost all the treatments and districts.

D(fferent legume species were tested in the hills qfhigh altitude areas (above 1800_masl.) for
their green matter production. Four different legume species viz. Trifolium repens cv. Cook,
Trifolium repens cv Tahora, Lotus Pendunculatus cv. Maku were tested in fertilizer applied
condition (250 kg DAP/ha) and control (without fertilizer) at Hills Leasehold Forestry areas
of the three districts viz. Makwanpur, Kavre and Ramechap. From the data of nvo years
production yield, Lotus Pendunculatus cv. Maku produced 10 t/ha bio-mass which was
significantly higher (P<O. 05) than Trifolium repens cv. Khumal (5t/ha) and Trifolium repens
cv. Tahora (4.5tlha) in average production yield. Similarly the bio-mass production of
legume species underfertilizer application was significantly higher (P<O.Ol) than that under
controlled condition. An increase in yield under application of fertilizer over the control was
36%, and 46% and 52.3%for Trifolium repens cv. Khumal, Trifolium repens cv. Tahora and
Lotus Pendunculatus cv .. Maku respectively.

D(fferent legume species were tested in the hills qfhigh altitude areas (above 1800_masl.) for
their green matter production. Four different legume species viz. Trifolium repens cv. Cook,
Trifolium repens cv Tahora, Lotus Pendunculatus cv. Maku were tested in fertilizer applied
condition (250 kg DAP/ha) and control (without fertilizer) at Hills Leasehold Forestry areas
of the three districts viz. Makwanpur, Kavre and Ramechap. From the data of nvo years
production yield, Lotus Pendunculatus cv. Maku produced 10 t/ha bio-mass which was
significantly higher (P<O. 05) than Trifolium repens cv. Khumal (5t/ha) and Trifolium repens
cv. Tahora (4.5tlha) in average production yield. Similarly the bio-mass production of
legume species underfertilizer application was significantly higher (P<O.Ol) than that under
controlled condition. An increase in yield under application of fertilizer over the control was
36%, and 46% and 52.3%for Trifolium repens cv. Khumal, Trifolium repens cv. Tahora and
Lotus Pendunculatus cv .. Maku respectively.

The growing human population for fuel wood converted most of the forestland nearby human
settlements into either open degraded land or shrub land due to overgrazing by the animals
as well as deforestation. Most of the soil of degraded forestland are i'ffertile, acidic and low
in available Phosphorus and Sulfur. Stylosanthes gulanensls cv. Cook was introduced in the
~g~aded forestland of the Hills Leasehold Forest areas of thtJ four districts v,iz. Kav~e,
Slndliijpalchok, Ramechhap and Mal«lwanpur with the actlvtJ participation of Hzlls
~~~~hoid Fore,stry Groups to upgrade the degraded lands as well as to produce forage for
ir animals. In three years study period (199$/96-1997/98), the newly Introduced legume
~ ~stabllshed well in the low hills (400 -1200 mas/.) In 4 districts and In transitional belt
(iJOJ-1800 mas/.) in three districts except In Makawanpur. The gr~en ma/ler yield increased
slgn#flcantly (P<O.OOJ) .from.fir.r•t year to third year In open land a.~ well a.~ In shrub land in
the low belt in .fertilized as well a.'i not fertilized plots.
The difference of green matter (GM) yield between the years and treatments are highly
significant (P<O.OOI) in law belt but the dUference wus nut significant between the districts
and land types in low belt. But In transitional belt the difference tn GM production was
slgniflcanl between district and treatments (P<O.OOJ) and betwe1n land typt and years of
production (P<0.05). In low belt the mCJXImum GM production of7/./tlha was obtained in
op1n land under fertilizer application In Kavre district whereas the mCJXImum yield in
Transitional belt was 26.0 t/ha from open lcmd under fertilizer application In Kavre.

The growing human population for fuel wood converted most of the forestland nearby human
settlements into either open degraded land or shrub land due to overgrazing by the animals
as well as deforestation. Most of the soil of degraded forestland are i'ffertile, acidic and low
in available Phosphorus and Sulfur. Stylosanthes gulanensls cv. Cook was introduced in the
~g~aded forestland of the Hills Leasehold Forest areas of thtJ four districts v,iz. Kav~e,
Slndliijpalchok, Ramechhap and Mal«lwanpur with the actlvtJ participation of Hzlls
~~~~hoid Fore,stry Groups to upgrade the degraded lands as well as to produce forage for
ir animals. In three years study period (199$/96-1997/98), the newly Introduced legume
~ ~stabllshed well in the low hills (400 -1200 mas/.) In 4 districts and In transitional belt
(iJOJ-1800 mas/.) in three districts except In Makawanpur. The gr~en ma/ler yield increased
slgn#flcantly (P<O.OOJ) .from.fir.r•t year to third year In open land a.~ well a.~ In shrub land in
the low belt in .fertilized as well a.'i not fertilized plots.
The difference of green matter (GM) yield between the years and treatments are highly
significant (P<O.OOI) in law belt but the dUference wus nut significant between the districts
and land types in low belt. But In transitional belt the difference tn GM production was
slgniflcanl between district and treatments (P<O.OOJ) and betwe1n land typt and years of
production (P<0.05). In low belt the mCJXImum GM production of7/./tlha was obtained in
op1n land under fertilizer application In Kavre district whereas the mCJXImum yield in
Transitional belt was 26.0 t/ha from open lcmd under fertilizer application In Kavre.

The effects of supplementing Urea-Molasses-Mineral Block (UMMB) on the performance
of lactating crossbred daily cows having of about 36-kg live-weight, were investigated in
this experiment. Three replicates of 4 groups of cows were randomly allocated to the 4
dietary treatments based on the stage of lactation. Control group of animals has standard
farm practice diet (SFPD) consisting of green grass, straw and concentrate (To) and
other three groups of animals has SFPD plus three different types of Urea Molasses
Mineral Blocks (UMMB) as supplementing test materials (T1, T2 and T3). The
experiment period was of I05 days. There were significant increases (P<0.05) in total
d1y matter intake (DM/) (from 8.37±0.50 kg to 11.1±0.96 kg) and straw DMI (from
3. 06±0. I 2 kg to 4. I 1 ±0. 26 kg). There were sign{ficant increases in the daily milk yield
(P<O. 05) ji·01n 3. 93±0.84 kg to 6. 08±0. 76 kg. There were also significant increases in 4%
FCM yields (P<O. 05) and solid not fat (SNF) contents (P<O. 05) form 9. 03%±0.49 to
9. 4%±0.12). Although there was no significant diffirence in the fat contents of the milk
ji·01n the experimental animals (3.85%±0.59), there was a tendency of higher fat content
in the milk of groups of ani!nals supplemented with UMMB.

The effects of supplementing Urea-Molasses-Mineral Block (UMMB) on the performance
of lactating crossbred daily cows having of about 36-kg live-weight, were investigated in
this experiment. Three replicates of 4 groups of cows were randomly allocated to the 4
dietary treatments based on the stage of lactation. Control group of animals has standard
farm practice diet (SFPD) consisting of green grass, straw and concentrate (To) and
other three groups of animals has SFPD plus three different types of Urea Molasses
Mineral Blocks (UMMB) as supplementing test materials (T1, T2 and T3). The
experiment period was of I05 days. There were significant increases (P<0.05) in total
d1y matter intake (DM/) (from 8.37±0.50 kg to 11.1±0.96 kg) and straw DMI (from
3. 06±0. I 2 kg to 4. I 1 ±0. 26 kg). There were sign{ficant increases in the daily milk yield
(P<O. 05) ji·01n 3. 93±0.84 kg to 6. 08±0. 76 kg. There were also significant increases in 4%
FCM yields (P<O. 05) and solid not fat (SNF) contents (P<O. 05) form 9. 03%±0.49 to
9. 4%±0.12). Although there was no significant diffirence in the fat contents of the milk
ji·01n the experimental animals (3.85%±0.59), there was a tendency of higher fat content
in the milk of groups of ani!nals supplemented with UMMB.

A study was conducted to investigate the feeding systems, feed availability and nutrient
content in feed and forages given to yak and chauri in Rasuwa district in 1999. Some
locally available grasses were nutritionally good and contained crude protein as high as
18-19% (Buki, Rai Khursani and Pangbuchi) on dry matter basis. Over all feed and
feeding situations of yak and chauri was discouraging, some immediate measures needed
for uplifting the nutritional status of the animals. Improvement of pastures through
various techniques may be the first step in this regard. Identification of suitable
indigenous species and some other improved grass and legumes for introduction in the
pastures could be vital.

A study was conducted to investigate the feeding systems, feed availability and nutrient
content in feed and forages given to yak and chauri in Rasuwa district in 1999. Some
locally available grasses were nutritionally good and contained crude protein as high as
18-19% (Buki, Rai Khursani and Pangbuchi) on dry matter basis. Over all feed and
feeding situations of yak and chauri was discouraging, some immediate measures needed
for uplifting the nutritional status of the animals. Improvement of pastures through
various techniques may be the first step in this regard. Identification of suitable
indigenous species and some other improved grass and legumes for introduction in the
pastures could be vital.

Digestibility is one of the most important quality attributes to determine nutritive values
of animal feed. In-vivo digestibility experiments are expensive, often tedious and time
consuming in nature. Hence simple methods that could give rapid estimate of quality of
feed for ruminant animals are often desirable to extensionists or animal productionists
where information on the quality of feed are immediately required. In this perspective, a
total of 8 different species/sub-species of common fodder trees were collected during
winter (when the species are actually fed) from Solma Village Development Committee
(VDC) in the middle hills of east Nepal. The samples were collected in duplicates from six
different wards within the VDCs. Thus a total of 96 fresh samples were brought to the
Agricultural Research Station, Pakhribas (ARS-P) laboratory for analysis of a range of
chemical constituents. Based on the laboratory analyses, the study attempted to explore
various combinations of simple quality attributes e.g. proximate principles including
fibrous fractions to give a robust relationship so that the Neutral Cellulase Digestibility
(NCD) could be predicted effectively. The equations predictable for NCD at r_easonable
degree of accuracy are presented and discussed for use in a routine service laboratory
for rapid evaluation of ruminant feeding-stuff

Digestibility is one of the most important quality attributes to determine nutritive values
of animal feed. In-vivo digestibility experiments are expensive, often tedious and time
consuming in nature. Hence simple methods that could give rapid estimate of quality of
feed for ruminant animals are often desirable to extensionists or animal productionists
where information on the quality of feed are immediately required. In this perspective, a
total of 8 different species/sub-species of common fodder trees were collected during
winter (when the species are actually fed) from Solma Village Development Committee
(VDC) in the middle hills of east Nepal. The samples were collected in duplicates from six
different wards within the VDCs. Thus a total of 96 fresh samples were brought to the
Agricultural Research Station, Pakhribas (ARS-P) laboratory for analysis of a range of
chemical constituents. Based on the laboratory analyses, the study attempted to explore
various combinations of simple quality attributes e.g. proximate principles including
fibrous fractions to give a robust relationship so that the Neutral Cellulase Digestibility
(NCD) could be predicted effectively. The equations predictable for NCD at r_easonable
degree of accuracy are presented and discussed for use in a routine service laboratory
for rapid evaluation of ruminant feeding-stuff

This study was carried out to evaluate the feeding management on growth performance in
buffalo heifers. 12 female calves of Murrah buffalo were selected having dams were of
same breed, similar lactation number and milk production of previous lactation. They
were divided into two treatment groups (individual feeding and group feeding). Similar
feed was provided to them through out the study. All management practices were applied
regularly (drenching, vaccination etc.). Individual feeding was found effective (P<O.Ol)
than the group feeding.fi·om 7 months to 24 months of age.

This study was carried out to evaluate the feeding management on growth performance in
buffalo heifers. 12 female calves of Murrah buffalo were selected having dams were of
same breed, similar lactation number and milk production of previous lactation. They
were divided into two treatment groups (individual feeding and group feeding). Similar
feed was provided to them through out the study. All management practices were applied
regularly (drenching, vaccination etc.). Individual feeding was found effective (P<O.Ol)
than the group feeding.fi·om 7 months to 24 months of age.

Meat production potential and carcass characteristics of 8 local male buffalo calves were
studied. A group of 4 calves (treatment group) were kept under concentrate feeding,
whereas, another group having similar number of calves (control group) were kept under
general village feeding practices. The average dry matter intake and the initial body
weight of both groups were not statistically different between themselves. However,
during a growth trial period of 157 days the final body weight of treatment group was
significantly higher (P<0.05) than that of the control group i. e. 267kg and 225 kg
respectively. Dressing percentage and meat percentage of treatment group was
significantly higher than that of control group (P<O. 05). Whilst, bone percentage of
control group was significantly higher (P<0.05) as compared to the treatment group.

Meat production potential and carcass characteristics of 8 local male buffalo calves were
studied. A group of 4 calves (treatment group) were kept under concentrate feeding,
whereas, another group having similar number of calves (control group) were kept under
general village feeding practices. The average dry matter intake and the initial body
weight of both groups were not statistically different between themselves. However,
during a growth trial period of 157 days the final body weight of treatment group was
significantly higher (P<0.05) than that of the control group i. e. 267kg and 225 kg
respectively. Dressing percentage and meat percentage of treatment group was
significantly higher than that of control group (P<O. 05). Whilst, bone percentage of
control group was significantly higher (P<0.05) as compared to the treatment group.

Meat production potential and carcass characteristics of 8 local male buffalo calves were
studied. A group of 4 calves (treatment group) were kept under concentrate feeding,
whereas, another group having similar number of calves (control group) were kept under
general village feeding practices. The average dry matter intake and the initial body
weight of both groups were not statistically different between themselves. However,
during a growth trial period of 157 days the final body weight of treatment group was
significantly higher (P<0.05) than that of the control group i. e. 267kg and 225 kg
respectively. Dressing percentage and meat percentage of treatment group was
significantly higher than that of control group (P<O. 05). Whilst, bone percentage of
control group was significantly higher (P<0.05) as compared to the treatment group.

Meat production potential and carcass characteristics of 8 local male buffalo calves were
studied. A group of 4 calves (treatment group) were kept under concentrate feeding,
whereas, another group having similar number of calves (control group) were kept under
general village feeding practices. The average dry matter intake and the initial body
weight of both groups were not statistically different between themselves. However,
during a growth trial period of 157 days the final body weight of treatment group was
significantly higher (P<0.05) than that of the control group i. e. 267kg and 225 kg
respectively. Dressing percentage and meat percentage of treatment group was
significantly higher than that of control group (P<O. 05). Whilst, bone percentage of
control group was significantly higher (P<0.05) as compared to the treatment group.

Bamboos have multi;..purpose use and are distributed throughout all ecological zone~ in
Nepal. They are the most popular in the day to day life of the rural people from housmg.,
furnishing, fencing, fuel wood to the use of animal feed. Although, the farmers
perception as a fodder in some parts of west Nepal is different, bamboos are extremely
popular as a nutritious fodder in the rural communities of the eastern hills of Nepal. In
most areas in the eastern hills, they are the most important source of gre.en fodder
particularly during the dry winter season.
A total of 9 different bamboo species commonly available in Dhankuta district was
collected during spring, pre-monsoon, monsoon and winter seasons for analyses of
nutrient contents. The chemical analyses revealed that bamboo leaves can supply dry
matter 44-51%, nitrogen free extractives 40-47%, crude protein 15-21%, total available
protein 11-18%, digestible organic matter 50-57%. neutral cellulase digestibility 45-58%
and metabolisable energy 7.5-8.6 MJ/KgDM The rumen degradable protein supply at
72-hrs incubation period was ranged from 53 to 67%. The mature or old leaves of
bamboos were found to supply Ca 0.31-0.72%. p 0.18-0.23%, K 1.16-1.53%, Mg 0.13-
0.28%, Cu 2.71-5.48ppm, Fe 185-363ppm, Mn 150-245ppm and Zn 24-71ppm in the d?
matter. The relative high content of available protein and higher dry matter content. m
comparison with tree fodders underline the considerable potential of bamboo as a feedmg
stufffor livestock. Based on the analytical findings, this report discusses the usefulness of
bamboos as an important feed supplement for ruminants.

Bamboos have multi;..purpose use and are distributed throughout all ecological zone~ in
Nepal. They are the most popular in the day to day life of the rural people from housmg.,
furnishing, fencing, fuel wood to the use of animal feed. Although, the farmers
perception as a fodder in some parts of west Nepal is different, bamboos are extremely
popular as a nutritious fodder in the rural communities of the eastern hills of Nepal. In
most areas in the eastern hills, they are the most important source of gre.en fodder
particularly during the dry winter season.
A total of 9 different bamboo species commonly available in Dhankuta district was
collected during spring, pre-monsoon, monsoon and winter seasons for analyses of
nutrient contents. The chemical analyses revealed that bamboo leaves can supply dry
matter 44-51%, nitrogen free extractives 40-47%, crude protein 15-21%, total available
protein 11-18%, digestible organic matter 50-57%. neutral cellulase digestibility 45-58%
and metabolisable energy 7.5-8.6 MJ/KgDM The rumen degradable protein supply at
72-hrs incubation period was ranged from 53 to 67%. The mature or old leaves of
bamboos were found to supply Ca 0.31-0.72%. p 0.18-0.23%, K 1.16-1.53%, Mg 0.13-
0.28%, Cu 2.71-5.48ppm, Fe 185-363ppm, Mn 150-245ppm and Zn 24-71ppm in the d?
matter. The relative high content of available protein and higher dry matter content. m
comparison with tree fodders underline the considerable potential of bamboo as a feedmg
stufffor livestock. Based on the analytical findings, this report discusses the usefulness of
bamboos as an important feed supplement for ruminants.

A biological trial was conducted at ARS Goat Bandipur to investigate the possible use of
the different level of rice straw in the goat diet. Castrated goats of equal age (6 to 7
month) with similar body condition (3 to 4 score) were randomly divided into 4 groups on
the basis of live weight. The experimental goats were pure Khari, half-bred Jainunapari,
and half-bred Barbari. Dipping (Malathion 0.05% solution) and drenching (Panacure 5
mglkg body weight) was done 7 days before the trial start. The experiment lasted for 120
days after 15 days of adjustment period. Experimental feed diet were TO (D1) = Rice
Straw O%,fixedfodder leaves+ 100 grams concentrate feed, T1 (D2) =Rice Straw 20%
+ adjusted fodder leaves + 100 gram concentrate feed, T2 (D3) = Rice Straw 25%+
adjusted fodder leaves + 100 gram concentrate, T3 (D4) RS 30%+ adjusted fodder
leaves+ 100 gram concentrate feed. Nutrient requirement was calculated to fulfill the CP
requirement of 3 gram per kg body weight and 4% DM intake of body weight. Chopped
rice straw (5 to 6 em), stepped by the bullock and hipped in Kunyou, was treated with
50.0 gram molasses each day for each diet. Daily feed intake, faecal, and urine output
(7days at the end of the trial) was recorded. Body weight change was recorded at 15 days
interval to calculate the diet01y effect of rice straw on goats. The mean weight change to
each diet was 4. 77 ± 0.86 kg (39.8 ±7 gm/day) 3.97 kg (33.1±9.9 gmld), 3.6 kg ±1.3 (29.9
±1 1gmld) and 2.5 ±0.94 (21. 7±7.8 gmld), to diet 1, diet 2, diet3, diet4 respectively. There
was a significant effect of treatment, including of rice straw on body weigfzt gain in
castrated male goat (P<O. 05). The Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT) showed the
treatment 4 (including of 30 % rice straw) gave significantly the lowest weight (2.5
±0.94kg). However, the effect of other three diets was similar. Both the faecal
(288. 7±1 49gmldaylgoat) and urine output (312. 0±160 ml/day/goat) was lower in TO
compared to other level of rice straw. Feed conversion efficiency was 13. 0%, 12.4%, and
8.83%, to TO, T1, T2, and T3 respectively. Economically, the cost of feeding was Rs1.51,
Rsl. 76 Rs1.9., and Rs2.09., to TO to T3 respectively. Twenty % of rice straw as Je_ed
supplement to the goat diet can be safely used without affecting the feed conversiOn
efficiency maintaining the lo·w cost.

A biological trial was conducted at ARS Goat Bandipur to investigate the possible use of
the different level of rice straw in the goat diet. Castrated goats of equal age (6 to 7
month) with similar body condition (3 to 4 score) were randomly divided into 4 groups on
the basis of live weight. The experimental goats were pure Khari, half-bred Jainunapari,
and half-bred Barbari. Dipping (Malathion 0.05% solution) and drenching (Panacure 5
mglkg body weight) was done 7 days before the trial start. The experiment lasted for 120
days after 15 days of adjustment period. Experimental feed diet were TO (D1) = Rice
Straw O%,fixedfodder leaves+ 100 grams concentrate feed, T1 (D2) =Rice Straw 20%
+ adjusted fodder leaves + 100 gram concentrate feed, T2 (D3) = Rice Straw 25%+
adjusted fodder leaves + 100 gram concentrate, T3 (D4) RS 30%+ adjusted fodder
leaves+ 100 gram concentrate feed. Nutrient requirement was calculated to fulfill the CP
requirement of 3 gram per kg body weight and 4% DM intake of body weight. Chopped
rice straw (5 to 6 em), stepped by the bullock and hipped in Kunyou, was treated with
50.0 gram molasses each day for each diet. Daily feed intake, faecal, and urine output
(7days at the end of the trial) was recorded. Body weight change was recorded at 15 days
interval to calculate the diet01y effect of rice straw on goats. The mean weight change to
each diet was 4. 77 ± 0.86 kg (39.8 ±7 gm/day) 3.97 kg (33.1±9.9 gmld), 3.6 kg ±1.3 (29.9
±1 1gmld) and 2.5 ±0.94 (21. 7±7.8 gmld), to diet 1, diet 2, diet3, diet4 respectively. There
was a significant effect of treatment, including of rice straw on body weigfzt gain in
castrated male goat (P<O. 05). The Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT) showed the
treatment 4 (including of 30 % rice straw) gave significantly the lowest weight (2.5
±0.94kg). However, the effect of other three diets was similar. Both the faecal
(288. 7±1 49gmldaylgoat) and urine output (312. 0±160 ml/day/goat) was lower in TO
compared to other level of rice straw. Feed conversion efficiency was 13. 0%, 12.4%, and
8.83%, to TO, T1, T2, and T3 respectively. Economically, the cost of feeding was Rs1.51,
Rsl. 76 Rs1.9., and Rs2.09., to TO to T3 respectively. Twenty % of rice straw as Je_ed
supplement to the goat diet can be safely used without affecting the feed conversiOn
efficiency maintaining the lo·w cost.

Frozen semen samples of bull produced and distributed for artificial insemination (Al)
from Animal Breeding and AI Section, Khuma/tar were collected from Kathmandu and
Lalilpur districts and examined for abnormalities of spermatozoa. Eosin-Nigrosin stain
was used to examine the sparmatozoa. The examination revealed 38% motility, an
average of 56% live and 44% percent dead spermatozoa. Head abnormalities were
found 4% whereas tail abnormalities were 6%.

Frozen semen samples of bull produced and distributed for artificial insemination (Al)
from Animal Breeding and AI Section, Khuma/tar were collected from Kathmandu and
Lalilpur districts and examined for abnormalities of spermatozoa. Eosin-Nigrosin stain
was used to examine the sparmatozoa. The examination revealed 38% motility, an
average of 56% live and 44% percent dead spermatozoa. Head abnormalities were
found 4% whereas tail abnormalities were 6%.

An outbreak of a disease in day old chicks in a hatchery and after a week also in broiler
farms of the Kavrepalanchock district was reported. The investigation suggested that the
chicks at the hatchery and at broiler farms had outbreaks of Avian Encephalomyelitis
(AE). The disease was confirmed by serological and histopathological examinations of
the collected samples (serums and brain). The parent flock had not been vaccinated. The
affected chicks had clinical signs of dullness, depression, ataxia, tremors of head and
neck and inclination to sit on their hocks. At the broiler farms the overall morbidity rate
due to AE was 30.6% and mortality rate was 22.6%.

An outbreak of a disease in day old chicks in a hatchery and after a week also in broiler
farms of the Kavrepalanchock district was reported. The investigation suggested that the
chicks at the hatchery and at broiler farms had outbreaks of Avian Encephalomyelitis
(AE). The disease was confirmed by serological and histopathological examinations of
the collected samples (serums and brain). The parent flock had not been vaccinated. The
affected chicks had clinical signs of dullness, depression, ataxia, tremors of head and
neck and inclination to sit on their hocks. At the broiler farms the overall morbidity rate
due to AE was 30.6% and mortality rate was 22.6%.

Nobles SG SR. a live freeze dried vaccine against fowl typhoid was used for its safety
and the potency in chickens of 8 weeks age. In safety test seven chickens were inoculated
with vaccine containing approximately 500 million viable organisms. No local or
systemic reactions in vaccinated birds were observed within seven days. In potency trial
of this vaccine, 15 chickens of 8 weeks age were inoculated with vaccine containing 50
million viable organisms and equal number of birds were inoculated with only vaccine
diluent. Vaccinated birds did not die while 11 out of 15 birds inoculated with only
vaccine diluent died. However, vaccinated birds showed mild diarrhoea. The diarrhoea
subsided without any treatment.

Nobles SG SR. a live freeze dried vaccine against fowl typhoid was used for its safety
and the potency in chickens of 8 weeks age. In safety test seven chickens were inoculated
with vaccine containing approximately 500 million viable organisms. No local or
systemic reactions in vaccinated birds were observed within seven days. In potency trial
of this vaccine, 15 chickens of 8 weeks age were inoculated with vaccine containing 50
million viable organisms and equal number of birds were inoculated with only vaccine
diluent. Vaccinated birds did not die while 11 out of 15 birds inoculated with only
vaccine diluent died. However, vaccinated birds showed mild diarrhoea. The diarrhoea
subsided without any treatment.

The incidence of disease was recorded mostly in buffaloes during peak winter season
(Jan-Feb). In Morang district out of 189 buffaloes studied 92(48. 7%) were found
affected. The morbidity was found to be 31.2% and mortality rate was 17.5%. ln Sunsari
district 70 buffaloes were examined, morbidity was 50% and mortalil)i rate was 18. 6%.
However out of 150 cattle examined no cattle were found affected in both districts. Blood
smear revealed anemia, increased number of band cells (immature neutrophils). All
samples were negative for blood protozoa. Fungal culture of the straw samples revealed
· Aspergillus sps, Mucor sps. and Fusarium sps. fungus.

The incidence of disease was recorded mostly in buffaloes during peak winter season
(Jan-Feb). In Morang district out of 189 buffaloes studied 92(48. 7%) were found
affected. The morbidity was found to be 31.2% and mortality rate was 17.5%. ln Sunsari
district 70 buffaloes were examined, morbidity was 50% and mortalil)i rate was 18. 6%.
However out of 150 cattle examined no cattle were found affected in both districts. Blood
smear revealed anemia, increased number of band cells (immature neutrophils). All
samples were negative for blood protozoa. Fungal culture of the straw samples revealed
· Aspergillus sps, Mucor sps. and Fusarium sps. fungus.

Five species of ticks mainly Boobhilus microplus, Rhipicephalus appendiculatus,
Hyaloma spp., Hemophysalis spp. and Ixodes spp. were collected from cattle of eastern
terai region. Four genera Boophilus, Hyaloma, Rhipicephalus, and Ixodes were found as
vectors for blood protozoan diseases. Occurrence of blood protozoan disease coincided
with a peak vector activities in the summer and rainy season (April- August).

Five species of ticks mainly Boobhilus microplus, Rhipicephalus appendiculatus,
Hyaloma spp., Hemophysalis spp. and Ixodes spp. were collected from cattle of eastern
terai region. Four genera Boophilus, Hyaloma, Rhipicephalus, and Ixodes were found as
vectors for blood protozoan diseases. Occurrence of blood protozoan disease coincided
with a peak vector activities in the summer and rainy season (April- August).

A study was conducted to identify the species of Eimeria involved in chicken coccidiosis
and their incidence rate in natural outbreak. Five different species viz.: E. tenella, E.
necatrix, E. maxima, E. acervulina and E. brunetti were identified in naturally infected
chicken at Rampur and its vicinity. Highest numbers of positive cases (64. 0%) were
found with mixed infection. Among the different species, infection with E. tenella was
recorded the highest (12%), followed by E. necatrix (8%) and E. brunetti (4%). No
significant difference was observed on mean length and width of oocyst of E.tenella and
E. necatrix. Though the mean length and width of sporulated oocyst of all other species
were found significantly different (P<0.05). Highest incidence rate (41. 7%) of
coccidiosis was recorded in broiler of 2-4 weeks ·and in case of layers the highest rate
(34%) was found in 4-6 weeks age group. Incidence of coccidiosis was recorded in all the
four seasons in a year. However, the year round incidence rate was found the highest
(44%) during summer followed by winter (24%) season. Avian-34 and Hubchicx breeds
of broiler were found highly (29.2%) infected with coccidiosis whereas in layers the
higher incidence (78.4%) was recorded in hyline breed.

A study was conducted to identify the species of Eimeria involved in chicken coccidiosis
and their incidence rate in natural outbreak. Five different species viz.: E. tenella, E.
necatrix, E. maxima, E. acervulina and E. brunetti were identified in naturally infected
chicken at Rampur and its vicinity. Highest numbers of positive cases (64. 0%) were
found with mixed infection. Among the different species, infection with E. tenella was
recorded the highest (12%), followed by E. necatrix (8%) and E. brunetti (4%). No
significant difference was observed on mean length and width of oocyst of E.tenella and
E. necatrix. Though the mean length and width of sporulated oocyst of all other species
were found significantly different (P<0.05). Highest incidence rate (41. 7%) of
coccidiosis was recorded in broiler of 2-4 weeks ·and in case of layers the highest rate
(34%) was found in 4-6 weeks age group. Incidence of coccidiosis was recorded in all the
four seasons in a year. However, the year round incidence rate was found the highest
(44%) during summer followed by winter (24%) season. Avian-34 and Hubchicx breeds
of broiler were found highly (29.2%) infected with coccidiosis whereas in layers the
higher incidence (78.4%) was recorded in hyline breed.

A total of 36 female goats aged 6-9 months of local Khari and Khapari Kika cross a_nd
Barbari with similar body weight (10. 78-10.8kg) raised at ARS, Bandipur were stu~1ed
for mortality due to gastrointestinal nematodes after single (II) Triple (I2J.and mulllple
(T3) drenching. A total of 20 goats died of which mortality recorded were 6 (16-66-1)
6(16.66 %), 5 (13.88%) and 3 (8.33%)for (control) Tl, T2 and T3 groups respectively.
Average body weight gain in treatment group TJ, T2 and T3 were 9.49±1.16, 9.55±0.76
and 10. 77±1 9 kg respectively and these values were higher than the con~rol group
(6.16±0.44).

A total of 36 female goats aged 6-9 months of local Khari and Khapari Kika cross a_nd
Barbari with similar body weight (10. 78-10.8kg) raised at ARS, Bandipur were stu~1ed
for mortality due to gastrointestinal nematodes after single (II) Triple (I2J.and mulllple
(T3) drenching. A total of 20 goats died of which mortality recorded were 6 (16-66-1)
6(16.66 %), 5 (13.88%) and 3 (8.33%)for (control) Tl, T2 and T3 groups respectively.
Average body weight gain in treatment group TJ, T2 and T3 were 9.49±1.16, 9.55±0.76
and 10. 77±1 9 kg respectively and these values were higher than the con~rol group
(6.16±0.44).

Goats are raised either under the migratory or sedentmy management in Nepal. Migratory
management is practiced in the high altitude villages in which mixed flocks of Baruwal
sheep and Sinha/ goats migrate to the alpine pastures, while at the lower altitude, separate
flocks of Khari goats are kept under sedentary management. A study on the epidemiology
and clinical significance of gastrointestinal nematodes in goats raised under both
management conducted for a period of one year, showed that, although the mean worm
burden in migrat01y goats was significantly higher than that of the sedentary goats in all
seasons, the faecal egg counts were higher in sedentary animals. In both systems, the
infection was at sub-clinical level, however, the weight gain response in worm controlled
kids was sign!ficantly higher than the untreated animals managed under the farmer's
management. In the sedentary system, the treated kids gained 8. 9 kg body we{ght over a
period of six months in comparison to 3. 7 kg in the untreated animals, while, in the
migratory management, the body weight gain oftreated kids was 9.1 kg in comparison to
5. 0 kg in the untreated controls over a period of one year. Despite the lower worm burdens,
the clinical effict of infection was more severe in sedentary goats than in the migratory
goats. These findings are discussed and the control strategy is suggested

Goats are raised either under the migratory or sedentmy management in Nepal. Migratory
management is practiced in the high altitude villages in which mixed flocks of Baruwal
sheep and Sinha/ goats migrate to the alpine pastures, while at the lower altitude, separate
flocks of Khari goats are kept under sedentary management. A study on the epidemiology
and clinical significance of gastrointestinal nematodes in goats raised under both
management conducted for a period of one year, showed that, although the mean worm
burden in migrat01y goats was significantly higher than that of the sedentary goats in all
seasons, the faecal egg counts were higher in sedentary animals. In both systems, the
infection was at sub-clinical level, however, the weight gain response in worm controlled
kids was sign!ficantly higher than the untreated animals managed under the farmer's
management. In the sedentary system, the treated kids gained 8. 9 kg body we{ght over a
period of six months in comparison to 3. 7 kg in the untreated animals, while, in the
migratory management, the body weight gain oftreated kids was 9.1 kg in comparison to
5. 0 kg in the untreated controls over a period of one year. Despite the lower worm burdens,
the clinical effict of infection was more severe in sedentary goats than in the migratory
goats. These findings are discussed and the control strategy is suggested

A study was conducted to detect the specific antibodies to Mycobacterium
paratuberculosis in the farm animals in the western hills of Nepal. Serum samples of 115
buffaloes, 98 cattle, 29 sheep and 32 goats were subjected to screening against Johne's
disease using enzyme immunoassay (EIA) kit. Specific antibodies to M paratuberculosis
were detected in the serum samples of 34% buffaloes and goats, 27% cattle, and 24%
sheep. These findings are discussed and area of future research suggested

A study was conducted to detect the specific antibodies to Mycobacterium
paratuberculosis in the farm animals in the western hills of Nepal. Serum samples of 115
buffaloes, 98 cattle, 29 sheep and 32 goats were subjected to screening against Johne's
disease using enzyme immunoassay (EIA) kit. Specific antibodies to M paratuberculosis
were detected in the serum samples of 34% buffaloes and goats, 27% cattle, and 24%
sheep. These findings are discussed and area of future research suggested

A study was undertaken to find out the mortality of the chicks due to omphalitis. Four
thousand four hundred and seventy three chicks were kept in two batches in two different
periods of times at Avian Research Program, Khumaltar. First replacement batch raised
on 4 November 1999 had 23334 chicks and 15.8% mortality. Second replacement batch
which was raised on 11 November 1999 had 2161 chicks with 22.0% mortality.
Mortality started from the day old but maximum mortality occurred between six to ten
days.

A study was undertaken to find out the mortality of the chicks due to omphalitis. Four
thousand four hundred and seventy three chicks were kept in two batches in two different
periods of times at Avian Research Program, Khumaltar. First replacement batch raised
on 4 November 1999 had 23334 chicks and 15.8% mortality. Second replacement batch
which was raised on 11 November 1999 had 2161 chicks with 22.0% mortality.
Mortality started from the day old but maximum mortality occurred between six to ten
days.

Goats are multipwpose domesticated small ruminants reared in agro-ecological zones of Nepal
and are primarily kept for meat production. Mature 20 female Barbari and 24 Terai goats
maintained at RARS. Nepalgunj were studied to evaluate the productive performances of native
Terai and Barbari goats. The results of two years data showed that the live weight of Barbari
and local adult goats were similar (Barbari: 30.0±0.05 kg and the Terai goat: 29.3±0.33 kg).
The production performance in terms of weaning weight of male and female Terai goat were
7.90±0.82 Kg and 7. 79±0. 76 kg. For Barbari the corresponding values were 6.08±0.43 kg and
6.23±0.41 kg. The pre-weaning weight of Barbari and Terai goats was .79.9±5.55 glday and
7 4. 9±6. 57 glday respectively. The average litter size in number at birth was I. 49±0.19 in
Barbari and 1.52±0.02 in Terai goats. The litter weight at weaning was 7.84±0.54 kg in Terai
goat and 6.15±0.29 kg in Bm·bari goats. The gestation period of Barbari goat and Terai goat
were 152±1.94 days and 149.9±1.3 days respectively. The birth percentage of singlet of the
Terai goat (29.8%) was slightly higher than the Barbari goats (25.3%). Twins were similar
between Barbari (65.3%) and the Terai goats (66.2%) where as birth percentage of triplets of
the Bar_bari (18. 7%) was higher than the Terai goats (8.1 0%). The kidding rate between the
Barba~z (160%) and the Terai goat (1 63%) were found to be similar. Mortality rate in Terai
goat kzds was 21.6% where as in the Barbai adult it was about 9.02%.

Goats are multipwpose domesticated small ruminants reared in agro-ecological zones of Nepal
and are primarily kept for meat production. Mature 20 female Barbari and 24 Terai goats
maintained at RARS. Nepalgunj were studied to evaluate the productive performances of native
Terai and Barbari goats. The results of two years data showed that the live weight of Barbari
and local adult goats were similar (Barbari: 30.0±0.05 kg and the Terai goat: 29.3±0.33 kg).
The production performance in terms of weaning weight of male and female Terai goat were
7.90±0.82 Kg and 7. 79±0. 76 kg. For Barbari the corresponding values were 6.08±0.43 kg and
6.23±0.41 kg. The pre-weaning weight of Barbari and Terai goats was .79.9±5.55 glday and
7 4. 9±6. 57 glday respectively. The average litter size in number at birth was I. 49±0.19 in
Barbari and 1.52±0.02 in Terai goats. The litter weight at weaning was 7.84±0.54 kg in Terai
goat and 6.15±0.29 kg in Bm·bari goats. The gestation period of Barbari goat and Terai goat
were 152±1.94 days and 149.9±1.3 days respectively. The birth percentage of singlet of the
Terai goat (29.8%) was slightly higher than the Barbari goats (25.3%). Twins were similar
between Barbari (65.3%) and the Terai goats (66.2%) where as birth percentage of triplets of
the Bar_bari (18. 7%) was higher than the Terai goats (8.1 0%). The kidding rate between the
Barba~z (160%) and the Terai goat (1 63%) were found to be similar. Mortality rate in Terai
goat kzds was 21.6% where as in the Barbai adult it was about 9.02%.

A stzu(y was carried out including productive and reproductive pelformance of Hampshire,
Yorkshire and their crossbred pigs qfter weaning to four years of age on RARS, Tarahara.
Twenty-fimr piglets (8 Hampshire, 8 Yorkshire and 8 crossbred) were used for comparative
study of productil•e and reproductive pe!formance. It was observed that the growth rate was
signfficant at the age (~f 9 and 12 months (P<O.O/J. The hi~hest live H1eight gain was
obtained by Yorkshire (164.9 kg) .followed by crossbred (161.04 kg) and Hampshire (137.4
kg) respectively. The highest litter size was obtained by Yorkshire (9.46) followed by
Hampshire (8.56) and crossbred (4.42) that showed a significant effect per farrow of the
sows (P<O.O/). The wean litter size was signfficant (P< O.OI). The highest wean litter size
was ohtained hy Yorkshire (7..:1), .followed by Hampshire (6.4) and the crossbred (3.1)
respectil·ely. The highest mortality percent was sign!ficant (P<O.Ol). It was observed that the
highest mortality percent was in crossbred (30. 7%). followed by Hampshire (23. 7 %) and
Yorkshire (21.2 %) respectively.

A stzu(y was carried out including productive and reproductive pelformance of Hampshire,
Yorkshire and their crossbred pigs qfter weaning to four years of age on RARS, Tarahara.
Twenty-fimr piglets (8 Hampshire, 8 Yorkshire and 8 crossbred) were used for comparative
study of productil•e and reproductive pe!formance. It was observed that the growth rate was
signfficant at the age (~f 9 and 12 months (P<O.O/J. The hi~hest live H1eight gain was
obtained by Yorkshire (164.9 kg) .followed by crossbred (161.04 kg) and Hampshire (137.4
kg) respectively. The highest litter size was obtained by Yorkshire (9.46) followed by
Hampshire (8.56) and crossbred (4.42) that showed a significant effect per farrow of the
sows (P<O.O/). The wean litter size was signfficant (P< O.OI). The highest wean litter size
was ohtained hy Yorkshire (7..:1), .followed by Hampshire (6.4) and the crossbred (3.1)
respectil·ely. The highest mortality percent was sign!ficant (P<O.Ol). It was observed that the
highest mortality percent was in crossbred (30. 7%). followed by Hampshire (23. 7 %) and
Yorkshire (21.2 %) respectively.

Australorp is a dual-purpose breed, which are widely used by rural farmer. Production of the
day old chicks of Austral01p bird is a regular activity of Swine and Avian Research Program
(SARP). Khumaltar. Chicks are distributed to the rural farmers through District Livestock
Services Sector. Demand of chicks are very high because of their hardy in nature, resemble
like local bird and production higher than the local bird. Rural farmers raised their birds on
scavenging condition. Especially on the rural area they provide local feed like kitchen
wastage and other feed which are not used by human beings. Farmers get more benefit from
cock selling during festivals. Egg production is 204 eggs/bird. Egg production startedfrom24
weeks and increased up to 40 weeks and after that started to decline. Mortality rate was 20
%.

Australorp is a dual-purpose breed, which are widely used by rural farmer. Production of the
day old chicks of Austral01p bird is a regular activity of Swine and Avian Research Program
(SARP). Khumaltar. Chicks are distributed to the rural farmers through District Livestock
Services Sector. Demand of chicks are very high because of their hardy in nature, resemble
like local bird and production higher than the local bird. Rural farmers raised their birds on
scavenging condition. Especially on the rural area they provide local feed like kitchen
wastage and other feed which are not used by human beings. Farmers get more benefit from
cock selling during festivals. Egg production is 204 eggs/bird. Egg production startedfrom24
weeks and increased up to 40 weeks and after that started to decline. Mortality rate was 20
%.

A study was conducted on 266 indigenous hill buffaloes in the research command area (RCA)
of Agricultural Research Station (ARS), Lunzle in four agro-ecological domains viz. High hill
(1600-2300 mas!), Mid hill (1000-1600 m as/), Low hill (600-1000 mas/) and River basin
(240-600 mas/). The study showed that the milk yield of Lime was although marginally higher
than Parkote in river basin and low hill. However, the difference was not significant.
Similarly, no statistical difference was found in respect of reproductive performance traits
(Age at .first service, calving interval, and calving to first service) between the two indigenous
breeds.

A study was conducted on 266 indigenous hill buffaloes in the research command area (RCA)
of Agricultural Research Station (ARS), Lunzle in four agro-ecological domains viz. High hill
(1600-2300 mas!), Mid hill (1000-1600 m as/), Low hill (600-1000 mas/) and River basin
(240-600 mas/). The study showed that the milk yield of Lime was although marginally higher
than Parkote in river basin and low hill. However, the difference was not significant.
Similarly, no statistical difference was found in respect of reproductive performance traits
(Age at .first service, calving interval, and calving to first service) between the two indigenous
breeds.

A study on indigenous buffalo was initiated in the country with the objective of
characterization and evaluation of native breeds. A survey work on Parkote buffalo in
Dolakha district was made in 199912000. Structured questionnaire was used for monitoring
morphological body parts and production traits including body weights, milk production and
reproductive parameters. Data were analysed using the least squares analysis technique.
Amongst the morphological characters, body length, wither height and heart girth was
130.5, 122.7 and 175.6 em respectively. These results on morphological characters indicated
that the local bl!ffaloes located in Dolokha district are medium in body size and are similar in
size with Lime and Terai bl~ffalo. Amongst the production parameters, the age at r' calving
and calving intervals was 61 and 19 months respectively. The milk production was 3.3
litre/day but there was a wide variation in milk production suggesting improvement in
average milk production can be achieved by selecting higher milk producing b~ffaloes.

A study on indigenous buffalo was initiated in the country with the objective of
characterization and evaluation of native breeds. A survey work on Parkote buffalo in
Dolakha district was made in 199912000. Structured questionnaire was used for monitoring
morphological body parts and production traits including body weights, milk production and
reproductive parameters. Data were analysed using the least squares analysis technique.
Amongst the morphological characters, body length, wither height and heart girth was
130.5, 122.7 and 175.6 em respectively. These results on morphological characters indicated
that the local bl!ffaloes located in Dolokha district are medium in body size and are similar in
size with Lime and Terai bl~ffalo. Amongst the production parameters, the age at r' calving
and calving intervals was 61 and 19 months respectively. The milk production was 3.3
litre/day but there was a wide variation in milk production suggesting improvement in
average milk production can be achieved by selecting higher milk producing b~ffaloes.

Goats located in central terai region (Sarlah1, Mahottari and Dhanusha Districts) apperaed
to be different than recognized Terai goats. They are bigger in size and have twinning. The
information was not available and hence a study was initiated with the objective of
identifying and characterising the breed for their further utilization. The study began in 1997
with a survay work. The parameter recorded were morphological body parts, production
performance and system of goal production. These parameters were monitored using both
recall and monitorning methods. Amongest the morphological characters, body length,
height at wither, height at hipbone and heart girth of adult goats was 60.6 ± 0.87, 60.3± 0.82,
60.8 ± 0. 73 and 68.3 ±0.91 respectively. The adult weight (above 2 years) was 27.3± 0. 75 kg
and the litter size at birth was 1.6 ± 0.064. These results indicated that the goats located in
these 3 districts are bigger than Khari/ Hill goat in size and are better than Terai for litter
size. The informations suggest that they may be different breed/strain. However, a
conformative investigation is required for drawing a firm conclusion.

Goats located in central terai region (Sarlah1, Mahottari and Dhanusha Districts) apperaed
to be different than recognized Terai goats. They are bigger in size and have twinning. The
information was not available and hence a study was initiated with the objective of
identifying and characterising the breed for their further utilization. The study began in 1997
with a survay work. The parameter recorded were morphological body parts, production
performance and system of goal production. These parameters were monitored using both
recall and monitorning methods. Amongest the morphological characters, body length,
height at wither, height at hipbone and heart girth of adult goats was 60.6 ± 0.87, 60.3± 0.82,
60.8 ± 0. 73 and 68.3 ±0.91 respectively. The adult weight (above 2 years) was 27.3± 0. 75 kg
and the litter size at birth was 1.6 ± 0.064. These results indicated that the goats located in
these 3 districts are bigger than Khari/ Hill goat in size and are better than Terai for litter
size. The informations suggest that they may be different breed/strain. However, a
conformative investigation is required for drawing a firm conclusion.

The aim to improve the production parameters of local Hill goats by introducing exotic
genotypes since last two decades was not successful. Crossbred kids have significantly
poorer reproduction ability and are more susceptible to parasites and diseases than local
Hill goats. In prevailing production systems and nutritional management conditions local
Hill goats are well adapted but have poorer growth rate (birth, weaning and matured
weights). Estimation of genetic parameters showed that improvement of production traits
could be achieved through selection. 120 does and 15 bucks at nucleus herd except followers
and 1228 animals from 181 households in farmers' flock at five different sites (three hill
districts) from two altitude levels (low: up to I 100 m and mid: 1 I OOm to I700 m) have been
included in selection program. Sixteen selected bucks on developed selection criteria have
been distributed to make progress in farmers' flock. During first year period a total of 272
kids were born at station, ofwhich I45 were male and 127 were female. Multiple born cases
observed in the herd were I94. The overall four and six month body weight of offspring born
from multiple birth cases were 7. 0 I ~.I6 and 8.I6~. 20 kg, where as from single cases were
8.95:t0.39 and 10.4~.48 kg respectively. At sites; 869 females were served of which 204
were delivered till the reporting period. Among these born kids; 68 kids reached up to the
age of 4 month and 22 reached six month of age. Multiple birth cases in the sites wer~ found
to be II3 as compared to the single 147. The average 4 and 6 month offspring weight at the
sites were 9. 007 and 10. 77 kg respectively, where as parental herd mean was 7. 98 and 9. 6 kg
for the same age groups. Aiwlysis of first year data for genetic gain showed that the actual
response of selection on station for four and six month weight was 7. 9 and 4. 7 per cent per
generation respectively. it means 2.9 and 1. 7 per cent per year (generation interval is equal
to 2. 75 years) using sire lines only. Although predicted response was close to the observed
and results obtained so far both in terms of reproduction and production were quite
impressive however, further verification of trail is essential for a conclusion. Progress of
selection program achieved during the period hoth in nucleus herd and farmers' flock has
been described and presented In addition. problems encountered during the experimental .,.. ··--.. --- ~
period have heen mentioned. It also highlights the reaction of hill .farmers on the selection
program.

The aim to improve the production parameters of local Hill goats by introducing exotic
genotypes since last two decades was not successful. Crossbred kids have significantly
poorer reproduction ability and are more susceptible to parasites and diseases than local
Hill goats. In prevailing production systems and nutritional management conditions local
Hill goats are well adapted but have poorer growth rate (birth, weaning and matured
weights). Estimation of genetic parameters showed that improvement of production traits
could be achieved through selection. 120 does and 15 bucks at nucleus herd except followers
and 1228 animals from 181 households in farmers' flock at five different sites (three hill
districts) from two altitude levels (low: up to I 100 m and mid: 1 I OOm to I700 m) have been
included in selection program. Sixteen selected bucks on developed selection criteria have
been distributed to make progress in farmers' flock. During first year period a total of 272
kids were born at station, ofwhich I45 were male and 127 were female. Multiple born cases
observed in the herd were I94. The overall four and six month body weight of offspring born
from multiple birth cases were 7. 0 I ~.I6 and 8.I6~. 20 kg, where as from single cases were
8.95:t0.39 and 10.4~.48 kg respectively. At sites; 869 females were served of which 204
were delivered till the reporting period. Among these born kids; 68 kids reached up to the
age of 4 month and 22 reached six month of age. Multiple birth cases in the sites wer~ found
to be II3 as compared to the single 147. The average 4 and 6 month offspring weight at the
sites were 9. 007 and 10. 77 kg respectively, where as parental herd mean was 7. 98 and 9. 6 kg
for the same age groups. Aiwlysis of first year data for genetic gain showed that the actual
response of selection on station for four and six month weight was 7. 9 and 4. 7 per cent per
generation respectively. it means 2.9 and 1. 7 per cent per year (generation interval is equal
to 2. 75 years) using sire lines only. Although predicted response was close to the observed
and results obtained so far both in terms of reproduction and production were quite
impressive however, further verification of trail is essential for a conclusion. Progress of
selection program achieved during the period hoth in nucleus herd and farmers' flock has
been described and presented In addition. problems encountered during the experimental .,.. ··--.. --- ~
period have heen mentioned. It also highlights the reaction of hill .farmers on the selection
program.

The present study was conducted on 79 milk producing farmers of ht'O village development
committees (VDCs) (Chapagaun and Lele) of Lalitpur district using survey method during the
fiscal year 1997198. The results revealed that the total maintenance cost per milch animal per
day in cross-bred/improved cow and buffalo was higher (Rs. 77.79 and Rs. 87.60) than local
(Rs. 37.52 and Rs. 52.84) respectively and this increased with increase infann size. Feed was
the most important cost item accounting for about 40 per cent of the total maintenance cost
followed by labour (about 39 per cent) in both cows and buffaloes and in almost all sizegroup
of farms. The gross income per milch animal per day in cow and buffalo for crossbred/
improved breed~ was observed higher (Rs. 72.50 and Rs. 82.81 respectively) than in
local (Rs. 33.29 and Rs. 43.94) and was directly proportional to the farm size. The cost of
milk production per litre was computed as Rs. 18. 7 4 and Rs. 19. 69 in cow and Rs. 18.46 and
Rs. 21.01 in buffalo, in cross-bred/improved and local breed respectively. The net loss over;
cost C (total cost) was found Rs. 5.29 and Rs. 4.23 in cow and Rs. 4. 79 and Rs. 8.90 in
b71ffalo per day per milch animal in cross-bred/improved and local breed respectively.
However, the net profit per milch animal per day over cost B (excluding family labour from
the total cost) in cow and buffalo was found positive and higher in cross-bred/improved (Rs.
26.25 and Rs. 29.60 respectively) than in local (Rs. 9.85 and Rs. 8. 75). The breakeven
analy~is indicated that the breakeven milk production per milch animal per day in crossbred/
unproved cow and buffalo was lower (6.32 and 6.06 litre) than that of local (6.92 and
7.91/itre).

The present study was conducted on 79 milk producing farmers of ht'O village development
committees (VDCs) (Chapagaun and Lele) of Lalitpur district using survey method during the
fiscal year 1997198. The results revealed that the total maintenance cost per milch animal per
day in cross-bred/improved cow and buffalo was higher (Rs. 77.79 and Rs. 87.60) than local
(Rs. 37.52 and Rs. 52.84) respectively and this increased with increase infann size. Feed was
the most important cost item accounting for about 40 per cent of the total maintenance cost
followed by labour (about 39 per cent) in both cows and buffaloes and in almost all sizegroup
of farms. The gross income per milch animal per day in cow and buffalo for crossbred/
improved breed~ was observed higher (Rs. 72.50 and Rs. 82.81 respectively) than in
local (Rs. 33.29 and Rs. 43.94) and was directly proportional to the farm size. The cost of
milk production per litre was computed as Rs. 18. 7 4 and Rs. 19. 69 in cow and Rs. 18.46 and
Rs. 21.01 in buffalo, in cross-bred/improved and local breed respectively. The net loss over;
cost C (total cost) was found Rs. 5.29 and Rs. 4.23 in cow and Rs. 4. 79 and Rs. 8.90 in
b71ffalo per day per milch animal in cross-bred/improved and local breed respectively.
However, the net profit per milch animal per day over cost B (excluding family labour from
the total cost) in cow and buffalo was found positive and higher in cross-bred/improved (Rs.
26.25 and Rs. 29.60 respectively) than in local (Rs. 9.85 and Rs. 8. 75). The breakeven
analy~is indicated that the breakeven milk production per milch animal per day in crossbred/
unproved cow and buffalo was lower (6.32 and 6.06 litre) than that of local (6.92 and
7.91/itre).

Livestock production is an important component of mixed farming systems and an important
source of cash generation and livelihood for resource poor farming communities in Nepal.
With the advent of rapid globalization, market liberalization and privatization processes
since the late 1980s and early 1990s, many rapid changes are taking place in the livestock,
agricultural and natural resources research and technology systems in Nepal. Various new
actors such as non-governmental organization (liNGOs), community based organizations
(CBOs) and other private sectors are emerging and taking part in livestock technology
development and promotion. The participation of new actors in livestock research and
development has resulted in the development of alternative institutional models for research
and development and new types of linkages between actors. In this changed context,
participatmy technology development (PTD) in livestock sector is no more the sole domain of
Nepal Agricultural Research Council (NARC) livestock and Agricultural Research Stations ;
and Commodity Programs. Various alternative actors are evolving in technology
development both inside and outside the NARC. The challenge for NARC as a national
institution. therefore is to review the scope of its activities and develop a policy and strategy
that enables it to be proactive in addressing national livestock development needs in this
ever-changing environment. In this paper we suggest a new strategy for NARC livestock
research both within and outside. of NARC. It is believed that the proposed strategy will
enable NARC to play a major role in supporting PTD in livestock sector to improve the
livelihoods of poor rural people in Nepal. Since human resource, skills and facilities
available in livestock research in NARC are limited the livestock research institutions need
to do things differently but innovatively. The major thrust of this new strategy is that NARC
should revise and redefine its livestock research emphasis from that of narrow focus of
uncoordinated, _ti-agmented on-station focus of research to an approach that encourages
participatory technology development and technology promotion managed by multiple actors
both inside and outside of NARC. As a national institution, it should play strategic role in Cocoordinating
and supporting all actors involved in livestock technology development in
Nepal. It is argued that this strategy would serve the diverse technological and
developmental needs of the cotmlly and utilize the scarce human and .financial resources in
the .formal and b?formal science and technology systems in Nepal. This is a discussion paper
for consultation within NARC and other institutions involved in participatory technology
development (PTD) in livestock in Nepal.

Livestock production is an important component of mixed farming systems and an important
source of cash generation and livelihood for resource poor farming communities in Nepal.
With the advent of rapid globalization, market liberalization and privatization processes
since the late 1980s and early 1990s, many rapid changes are taking place in the livestock,
agricultural and natural resources research and technology systems in Nepal. Various new
actors such as non-governmental organization (liNGOs), community based organizations
(CBOs) and other private sectors are emerging and taking part in livestock technology
development and promotion. The participation of new actors in livestock research and
development has resulted in the development of alternative institutional models for research
and development and new types of linkages between actors. In this changed context,
participatmy technology development (PTD) in livestock sector is no more the sole domain of
Nepal Agricultural Research Council (NARC) livestock and Agricultural Research Stations ;
and Commodity Programs. Various alternative actors are evolving in technology
development both inside and outside the NARC. The challenge for NARC as a national
institution. therefore is to review the scope of its activities and develop a policy and strategy
that enables it to be proactive in addressing national livestock development needs in this
ever-changing environment. In this paper we suggest a new strategy for NARC livestock
research both within and outside. of NARC. It is believed that the proposed strategy will
enable NARC to play a major role in supporting PTD in livestock sector to improve the
livelihoods of poor rural people in Nepal. Since human resource, skills and facilities
available in livestock research in NARC are limited the livestock research institutions need
to do things differently but innovatively. The major thrust of this new strategy is that NARC
should revise and redefine its livestock research emphasis from that of narrow focus of
uncoordinated, _ti-agmented on-station focus of research to an approach that encourages
participatory technology development and technology promotion managed by multiple actors
both inside and outside of NARC. As a national institution, it should play strategic role in Cocoordinating
and supporting all actors involved in livestock technology development in
Nepal. It is argued that this strategy would serve the diverse technological and
developmental needs of the cotmlly and utilize the scarce human and .financial resources in
the .formal and b?formal science and technology systems in Nepal. This is a discussion paper
for consultation within NARC and other institutions involved in participatory technology
development (PTD) in livestock in Nepal.

The new line of German Angora rabbits from Germany in Chitlang Farm of Department of
Livestock Services (DLS) and Chinese Angor~ rabbit from China to Agricultural Research
Station (ARS), Lunzle was introduced in 1998 with the view of increasing population of high
yielding line/strains of Angora rabbit within the country. The F1 generation from both the
farm and centre were provided to Swine and Avian Research Programme (SARP) for breeding
and study pwpose. Based upon the .first year data available in rabbit research program at
SARP Khumaltar. the G 1 line of German Angora showed significantly higher wool yield
(average of 949.2 g/rabbitlyear) than other line and strains of Angora rabbits. The average
annual wool production in Chinese Angora, G2 line of German Angora, Russian Angora, and
British Angora was 656.2 g, 511.9 g, 349.5 g and 335 g respectively. The wool production
performances of existing lines and strains have slightly increased than previous year. Thi.~·
might be due to the some improvement in selection and management practices.

The new line of German Angora rabbits from Germany in Chitlang Farm of Department of
Livestock Services (DLS) and Chinese Angor~ rabbit from China to Agricultural Research
Station (ARS), Lunzle was introduced in 1998 with the view of increasing population of high
yielding line/strains of Angora rabbit within the country. The F1 generation from both the
farm and centre were provided to Swine and Avian Research Programme (SARP) for breeding
and study pwpose. Based upon the .first year data available in rabbit research program at
SARP Khumaltar. the G 1 line of German Angora showed significantly higher wool yield
(average of 949.2 g/rabbitlyear) than other line and strains of Angora rabbits. The average
annual wool production in Chinese Angora, G2 line of German Angora, Russian Angora, and
British Angora was 656.2 g, 511.9 g, 349.5 g and 335 g respectively. The wool production
performances of existing lines and strains have slightly increased than previous year. Thi.~·
might be due to the some improvement in selection and management practices.

Agricultural production system particularly in the hills of Nepal is complex, diverse, and
resource poor. Low rate of technology adoption has hindered increasing the crops as well as
livestock productivity. The main reason for this is the unsuitability of technology to the
farmer's condition. which is the result of not considering farmer'~ problems in the research
planning process. In order to identify problems and develop programme based on farmers'
needs and interest a study was initiated in /998 with the objective of identifying farmer's
problems using problem census technique (PCT). Farmers of all socioeconomic categories
were ~athered in eight outreach sites located in the eastern hills, and problems of livestock
sector were collected/rom d(fferent groups formed The identified problems were prioritized.
and compiled The result reveals that HS and BQ are the major livestock diseases followed by
lack of technical know-how, lack of improved breed and nutritious fodder(forages, prohlem of
internal parasites, inaccessibility to the Veterinary services, epidemics of poultry diseases
(related mostly to the digestive system) and so on. Hence, in the days to come the livestock
research should focus on these issues in order to get the relevant technologies recommended
that could be highly adaptive for eastern hill farmers. Moreover, routine problem
identification should be carried out using more appropriate too/(s) focusing more on action
research rather fundamental.

Agricultural production system particularly in the hills of Nepal is complex, diverse, and
resource poor. Low rate of technology adoption has hindered increasing the crops as well as
livestock productivity. The main reason for this is the unsuitability of technology to the
farmer's condition. which is the result of not considering farmer'~ problems in the research
planning process. In order to identify problems and develop programme based on farmers'
needs and interest a study was initiated in /998 with the objective of identifying farmer's
problems using problem census technique (PCT). Farmers of all socioeconomic categories
were ~athered in eight outreach sites located in the eastern hills, and problems of livestock
sector were collected/rom d(fferent groups formed The identified problems were prioritized.
and compiled The result reveals that HS and BQ are the major livestock diseases followed by
lack of technical know-how, lack of improved breed and nutritious fodder(forages, prohlem of
internal parasites, inaccessibility to the Veterinary services, epidemics of poultry diseases
(related mostly to the digestive system) and so on. Hence, in the days to come the livestock
research should focus on these issues in order to get the relevant technologies recommended
that could be highly adaptive for eastern hill farmers. Moreover, routine problem
identification should be carried out using more appropriate too/(s) focusing more on action
research rather fundamental.