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in Proceedings: 5th national workshop on livestock and fisheries research in Nepal 10-11 July 2002 / Rai, Ash Kumar

Title :	ANIMAL BREEDING TECHNOLOGIES: MAJOR FINDINGS, IMPACT AND CHALLENGES AHEAD
Material Type:	printed text
Authors:	Neopane, S.P., Author ; Shrestha, N.P., Author
Pagination:	1-5 p.
Languages :	English (eng)

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in Proceedings: 5th national workshop on livestock and fisheries research in Nepal 10-11 July 2002 / Rai, Ash Kumar

Title :	RECENT SPREAD AND IMP ACT OF LIVESTOCK DEVELOPMENT TECHNOLOGIES: A SCOPE FOR FUTURE INVESTMENT
Material Type:	printed text
Authors:	Shrestha, N.P., Author ; Panday, S.B., Author ; S. R. Neopane, Author ; Osti, N.P., Author ; B.S. Kunwar, Author ; T. Dhaubadel, Author
Pagination:	6-17 p.
Languages :	English (eng)

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in Proceedings: 5th national workshop on livestock and fisheries research in Nepal 10-11 July 2002 / Rai, Ash Kumar

Title :	Effect Of Different Organic Manures On Fish Production
Material Type:	printed text
Authors:	P. K. Sah, Author ; Joshi, P.L., Author
Pagination:	65-68 p.
Languages :	English (eng)
Abstract:	A composite fish species including silver carp, bighead carp, common carp, grass carp, rohu, and mrigalwere stocked in twelve small earthen ponds, each of 500m2 in the ratio of 40: 20: 20: 10: 5: 5 to select the most effective type of manure for the production of fish yield. Each pond was stocked with fishes at the rate of 8000/ha. The experiment consisting of four treatments was started on 2057-6-1 and terminated on 2058-2-1, a period of 270 days. Each treatment had three replicates. The first, second, and third treatment ponds were manured by chicken droppings, pig manure and cattle manure@ 500 kglhalmonth on dry matter basis, respectively. The control pond was not provided with any manure. No feeding at all in any pond. Chicken manured ponds exhibited the highest production (3. 78 mt/ha) and this was followed by pig-manured ponds (2.49 mt/ha) and cattle manured ponds (2.14 mt/ha), respectively. The control pond had minimum production of 1.2 mt/ha. However, the experiment gave non-significant result. Fish survival in the treatment ponds remained nearly 80% and it was 75% in the control pond. No outbreak of disease occurred during the experimental period.

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in Proceedings: 5th national workshop on livestock and fisheries research in Nepal 10-11 July 2002 / Rai, Ash Kumar

Title :	Breeding Behaviour Of Sahar, Tor Putitora
Material Type:	printed text
Authors:	A. P. Nepal, Author ; Basnet, S.R., Author ; Lamsal, G.P., Author
Pagination:	69-75 p.
Languages :	English (eng)
Abstract:	Broods of Sahar from the wild stock have been rearing in the earthen ponds at Fisheries Research Station (FRS), Trishuli since 1989 to domesticate and study their spawning behaviour. Spawner had spawned off and on in the past. However, they have spawned every yearfor 3-4 years period. Some F, brood ofSahar produced at Station, and are the offspring of wild collection brood also started to spawn since 2000. As usual spawner fish were checked weekly from March to May, the early spawning period and from October to November as the late spawning period of Sahar. Altogether 11 spawner with an average weight of 4. 5 - 6. 0 kg in 1998/'99, 5 spawner with an average weight of 6. 6 - 7. 5 kg in 19991'00 and 6 spawner in 2000/'01with an average weight of2.2- 4.3 kg was subjected to hand stripping. The spawner released collectively 189610, 138950 and 92945 eggs in 1998/'99, 19991'00 and 2000/'01, respectively. The average fecundity (eggs per kg of body weight) of the female was nearly 1000 to 6000 eggs. Fertility was good over 80% and hatchibility remained more than 66 percent. Eggs, with average diameter 2. 0 to 2. 9 mm hatched out after 84 - 125 hours of total incubation period at temperature ranged from 19 to 2 2 oc.

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in Proceedings: 5th national workshop on livestock and fisheries research in Nepal 10-11 July 2002 / Rai, Ash Kumar

Title :	Study On Survival And Growth Of Hatchling To Fry Of Carps
Material Type:	printed text
Authors:	K. K. Srivastav, Author
Pagination:	76-78 p.
Languages :	English (eng)
Abstract:	The experiment was carried out with 3 to 5 days old hatchlings of Silver carp (Hypopthalmichthys molitrix), Big head carp (Aristichthys nobilis) and Rohu (Labeo rohita) at Parwaipur fish farm in 2000. The stocking density of hatchlings ranged 2-3 millions/ha. The nursery ponds were well dried and used malathion The mean recovery rate of fries obtained 42.3% and 49.9%fed with 20% and 25% protein content diets, respectively. The survival rates obtained higherin all species fed with 25% protein content diets than 20% protein content diets.

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in Proceedings: 5th national workshop on livestock and fisheries research in Nepal 10-11 July 2002 / Rai, Ash Kumar

Title :	Effect Of Early Weaning On The Growth Rate Of Male Buffalo Calves
Material Type:	printed text
Authors:	K. P. Shiwakoti, Author ; Shrestha, H.R., Author ; M. S. Thapa, Author ; B. B. Gurung, Author
Pagination:	79-81 p.
Languages :	English (eng)
Abstract:	Production system of buffalo is different from place to place. In some places, Farmers provide one teat to the calf for whole lactation. Whereas in some places, for the male calves either they thrown away or keep in force mortality management system for more milk production. In both the cases there is economic losses. So this study was conducted to find out the effect of early weaning in the growth rate of buffalo Calves. From the study on the growth rate of male buffalo calves up to the age of 18 months, it was found that weaning at 3 months of age is more effective in comparison to other male calves group of 4 months, 5 months and 6 months over. It sholl'ed that it is not necessmy to provide one teat suckling for whole lactation. Af."'r three months of lactation more milk could be saved for human consumption. It could meet the cost of feed plus economy benefit. In other hand those who throw away the male cah es or keep in forced mortality for more milk production can be raised for meat production or fattening without any reduction on milk production.

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in Proceedings: 5th national workshop on livestock and fisheries research in Nepal 10-11 July 2002 / Rai, Ash Kumar

Title :	Poverty Alleviation Of Resource Poor Farmers Through Improved Pig Raising In The Western Hills Of Nepal
Material Type:	printed text
Authors:	Joshi, K.R., Author ; Nepali, M.B., Author ; Pradhan, S.M., Author
Pagination:	90-96 p.
Languages :	English (eng)
Abstract:	Improved pig raising as an option of income generation for socio-economically disadvantaged farmers under low input management system was tested at OR sites Taranagar and Bamgha in Gorkha and Gulmi districts respectively. Pig sties for each participatory farmer were constructed and piglets were distributed to the farmers in two lots during 1999 and 2000 in each site. Out of 50 piglets distributed, 24 were female and 26 were male of Landrace and Yorkshire breed Among them, four pairs of piglets were given for the breeding and others for the fattening pwpose. The growth of pigs was found to be better at Bumgha (118±17.1 kg) than in Taranagar {I 04±16. 8 kg). The average daily weight gains were 3 70 gm and 322 gm in the respective sites. The final body weight of Landrace (105.0±18.96 kg), was found higher than that of Yorkshire (1 00. 0±16. 63 kg), however, the significant were none difference (P>O. 05). The economic analysis revealed that the average benefit cost ratio was I. 55:1 for of both sites during 1999 to 2001 with gross income of NRs. 9615.00 and net income of NRs. 3423.50/pig.

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in Proceedings: 5th national workshop on livestock and fisheries research in Nepal 10-11 July 2002 / Rai, Ash Kumar

Title :	Evaluation Of Native Goats (Sinhal And Chy Angra) For Morphological Characteristics And Production Performances
Material Type:	printed text
Authors:	Tiwari, M.R., Author ; S. P. Neopan, Author ; N. L. Tamrakar, Author
Pagination:	97-102 p.
Languages :	English (eng)
Abstract:	Understanding the importance of goat for rural poor people in Nepal, a study was initiated with the objective of characterization and evaluation of productive and reproductive performances of Sinha! and Chyangra goat in western and mid western region. Using the structured questionnaire and format developed by FAO for goat breed characterization a survey was made in 1999. Parameters included were body parts measurements and production traits observation. Results showed that Sinha! and Chyangra goats are black in color but sometimes white and brown patches are frequent. The average mean of barrel girth, loin girth, body length, height at Mp bone, height at wither and heart girth was found higher for female than male (55. 09; 65.80; 55.50; 53.27,· 53.24 and 63.13 em, respectively). Mean of the age at puberty, age at first kidding and kidding interval of Sinha! goats in Mugu, Jumla and Dolpa districts were 12. OJ ; 19.16 and 9.58 months, respectively. The age at first ·work and last work ofmale Chyangra was observed almost same as Sinha! (24.04 and 72.33 months, respectively). Mean Slaughter age and slaughter weightfor Sinha! was observed 27.65 months and 25.09 kg, respectively

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in Proceedings: 5th national workshop on livestock and fisheries research in Nepal 10-11 July 2002 / Rai, Ash Kumar

Title :	Study On Heat Synchronization In Cattle And Buffalo
Material Type:	printed text
Authors:	R. Kadel, Author ; Neopane, S.P., Author ; T. P. Paudel, Author ; K. Mishra, Author
Pagination:	103-105 p.
Languages :	English (eng)
Abstract:	A study on heat synchronization in cattle and buffalo was inWated in the country with the objective of exploring the possibility of oestrus synchronization for better reproductive efficiency that will result better productivity of animals. The study on cattle was carried out in fourteen local hill cattle brought form Chitlang and sixteen crossbreed of bovine research program Khumaltar in 1998/ '99. The study on buffalo was carried on Murrah buffalo each form Tarahara and Pokhara farm in 1999/2000. The animals were given two treatments of hormone. Result obtained was analysed using analysis of variance (ANOVA). The ANOVA result reveled that effect of two different hormone protocol was not statistically significant indicating both the hormone protocols are equally effective. Similarly there was no significant effect of the location difference and location treatment interaction.

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in Proceedings: 5th national workshop on livestock and fisheries research in Nepal 10-11 July 2002 / Rai, Ash Kumar

Title :	Production Performance Of Three Lines Of Japanese Quail (Coturnix Coturnix Japonjca)
Material Type:	printed text
Authors:	M. Karki, Author
Pagination:	106-110 p.
Languages :	English (eng)
Abstract:	The study was conducted of 360 (120 each of the three lines); days old Japanese quails replicated four times each to know the growth pe1formance under our geographical condition. All experimental birds were reared under same feed and management condition. Chicken starter ration supplementing with 5% fishmeal H'as fed to all birds ad libitum. Daily feed intake, mortality and weekly weight gained recorded from day old to six weeks. The adult female, irrespective of lines are found slightly heavier than male. No significant difference was observed in feed intake at all age. Howe·ver, at maturity heavy I Feight had slightly higher cumulatil•e feed intake folloll'ed by wMte feather and white breasted fines (585.83 g, 576.63 g. 570.48 g., respectively). At 2, 3 and 4 weeks age, heavy weight showed significantly higher body weight than white feather but non significant difference was obse1Ted at maturity (1 45.68 g., 144.8 g., 142.04 g., respectively). Significantly better feed efficiency was observed in hem~v weight at 2 and 3 weeks of age followed by white breasted and white feather, although no significant differences 11 ·ere obsen•ed at maturity, nevertheless better efficiency was obsen·ed in 1vhite feather than other (4.19 I'S 4.23). A1ortality percentage of three lines did not show significant differences. 01•er all mortality lt'as observed 4.16% at 2 ll'eeks and 4.83% up to 6 weeks. It ll'as found that growth rate of quail is in increasing trends up to ji1·e weeks of age and is the best marketable age of Japanese quail (meat t)1Je) for fetching higher profit.

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in Proceedings: 5th national workshop on livestock and fisheries research in Nepal 10-11 July 2002 / Rai, Ash Kumar

Title :	Performance Study Of Gaddi Buffalo In The Far-Western Region Of Nepal
Material Type:	printed text
Authors:	K. Mishra, Author ; Neopane, S.P., Author ; R. Kadel, Author
Pagination:	111-114 p.
Languages :	English (eng)
Abstract:	The study on Gaddi buffalo (Bos bubalis) including phenotypic and genetic aspects was implemented in the far-western region of Dedeldhura and Baitadi districts in order to get adequate records for conclusive results. More emphasis was given on the Karyotyping work of Gaddi buffalo. There are mainly three native buffalo breeds, they are Lime, Parkote and Gaddi that have been identified. The Gaddi buffaloes are heavier in size j}-om Lime and Parkote. The average body length, heart girth, barrel girth, height at wither and height at hip bone ofGaddi buffaloes of far· western region of the country are 141.0±1.61, 195.0±1.80, 231.0±2.51, 131.0±1.10 and 123.0±1.07 em, respectively. The average body length, height at wither, height at hip bone, height at barrel and heart girth of Gaddi buffalo of far western region of the counhy are 118.9±1.61, 129.4±2.08, 119.6±0.933, 48.9±0.604 and 194.9±1.64 em, respectively. The results of K01yotyping revealed that Gaddi buffaloes were riverine consisting of 50 (2n =50) chromosome. The average daily milk yield was 2.9 litters. The overall age at first calving, gestation length and calving interval was found to be 55.5±1.3 months, 311.8±0.4 days and 644.8±14.6 days, respectively. it was observed and experienced that number of Gaddi buffaloes are decreasing due to indiscriminate breeding practices (they are being crossed with Murrah) and if the process continues Gaddi buffalo will be extinct in near future. It is therefore essential to promote and conserve the breed for their better and sustainable production.

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in Proceedings: 5th national workshop on livestock and fisheries research in Nepal 10-11 July 2002 / Rai, Ash Kumar

Title :	Performance Study Of Native (Terai) And Exotic (Barbari) Goat At Rars Nepalgunj
Material Type:	printed text
Authors:	P. B. Chapagain, Author ; B. P. Kushwaha, Author ; P. B. Rana, Author
Pagination:	115-118 p.
Languages :	English (eng)
Abstract:	The study was under taken to identify the suitable breed of goat for mid and far western Terai region of Nepal at Regional Agricultural Research Station, Nepalgunj. All together 83 Barbari does and 106 Terai local does with 13 3 BGJ·bari kids and 169 Local kids were selected for three years experiment. Different parameters recorded were birth weight, pre weaning weight, weaning weight, post weaning weight, 9, 12, and 24 months weight, litter size (N), litter weight (kg) age at first service, age at first kidding, kidding interval etc. Birth weight of Terai local was higher (1. 71±0.41 Kg) than Barbarii (1.65±0.39 Kg). Weaning weight ofTerai local and Barbari goat were 11.69±3.11 kg and 9.98±2.57 kg respectively. Six months weight ofTerai local was 14.96±3.66 kg and Barbari was 12.53±3.28 kg. The 12 months weight ofTerai local was 23.13±4.01 kg where BGJ-bari was 18.24±2.62 kg. Twenty four months weight of Terai local and BGJ·bari was 28 . .1 2±7. 09 kg and 23. 73±4. 13 kg, respectively. Average growth rate of Terai local from birth weight to pre weaning weight was 98.66±30.07 gm/day and birth weight to pre weaning weight of Barbari was 84.50±31.63 gm. Litter size at birth and litter size at weaning of Terai local and Barbari were 1.58±0.59, 1.48±0.53 and 1.60±0.55, 1.42±0.27, respectively. Litter weight at birth ofTerai local was 2. 7 1±0.96 kg and Barbari was 2. 65±0.88 kg. Age at first service Terai local was 245.6±52.2 days where BGl·bari was 290.9±75.6 days. Age at first kidding of Terai local and BGJ-bari were 391.2±51.2 days and 437.2±65.2 days respectively. Kidding interval of Terai local was 227.80±38.48 days where Barabri was 241.6±50.8 days. Considering the studied parameters, the Terai local was found better than Barbari goat.

in Proceedings: 5th national workshop on livestock and fisheries research in Nepal 10-11 July 2002 / Rai, Ash Kumar

Title :	Post-Weaning Growth Of Local Hill Goat At Agriculture Research Station, Pakhribas
Material Type:	printed text
Authors:	Pokharel, P.K., Author ; Neopane, S.P., Author
Pagination:	119-122 p.
Languages :	English (eng)
Abstract:	Selection index developed at the station are highly flourishing on overall productivity of the hill goat. Body weight gain of the first generation kids is significantly improved (p of their parents. Genetic gain found in the first generation kids is arresting- up to 5. 5 per cent per year accounting to the generation interval is 2. 75 years. Breeding bucks selected on the birth type, weaning and six-month weight weighed up to 35 kg at the two years of breeding age at station management condition. Twinning up to the 8'" parity seems progressive and remains requiring in 9'h and 1 0'". Dhobini color of goat performed best both in terms of growth and reproduction. The farmers and line agencies less prefer Seti color goat. Rainy season is found to be more critical in the kids' mortality. Selective breeding has positive impact on the post weaning growth of the breed and proved as an effective tool for the hill goats.

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in Proceedings: 5th national workshop on livestock and fisheries research in Nepal 10-11 July 2002 / Rai, Ash Kumar

Title :	Improvement Of Indigenous Buffaloes In Tile Western Hills Of Nepal
Material Type:	printed text
Authors:	D. S. Shrestha, Author ; Amatya, N., Author ; Singh, R.M. (ed), Author
Pagination:	123-131 p.
Languages :	English (eng)
Abstract:	Buffalo is an important livestock species under the mixed farming system in the western hills of Nepal. the average buffalo holding per purposively selected household in some pockets of western hills was 2. 5 (1-5 buffaloes). Majority of the household surveyed (67. 7%) had at lest one lactating buffaloes at the time of survey, while few households (16. 7%) had two milking buffaloes but not more than 3 buffaloes in any household surveyed indicating subsistence nature of buffalo raising in the areas. The extent of early male calf disposal was ve1y high (average 29%) and was as high as 80-90% in some village of Baglung and Syangja Districts. The breeding system was almost natural mating and AI coverage in the survey areas was virtually non-existent ( bulls for mating and were found to be using any bulls available within or nearly village. There was indiscriminant breeding between Lime qnd Parkote buffaloes. The extent of within breed variation in the milk production potential of indigenous buffalo genotypes was found to be very high producing 387 to 1959 l milk in a standard lactation of 305 days with a mean yield of 1006 l and 1032 l for Lime and Parkate genotypes, respectively. This suggests that improvement in milk production within indigenous buffaloes could be achieved, if proper selection scheme is embarked upon. This is especially important in the inaccessible areas of the western hills both ji·01n the conservation point of view and improving Uvelihood of rural farmers. However, at present persistent problems exists regarding appropriate recording procedures at the individual farmer level and lack of policies for retaining superior identified individuals (especially male and female too for some extent). A concrete breeding strategy and retention policies for superior individual needs to be developed.

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in Proceedings: 5th national workshop on livestock and fisheries research in Nepal 10-11 July 2002 / Rai, Ash Kumar

Title :	Efficacy Of Surti (Nicotiana Tabacum), Angeri (Lyon/A Ovlifolia) And Neem (Azadirachta Indica) Against Tici(In Cattle
Material Type:	printed text
Authors:	Aryal, S.R., Author
Pagination:	133-136 p.
Languages :	English (eng)
Abstract:	A study was conducted to evahiate the efficacy of medicinal plants Surti (Nicotiana tabacum), Angeri (Lyonia ovalifolia) and Neem (Azadirachta indica) against tick in cattle. Mature leaves of these plants were dried on shade and powder was made. Three extracts and eight solutions of different concentrations (WI~ were prepared from the plants and used both in-vivo and invitro. Efficacy of the plants was evaluated Oil the basis of reduction in number of ticks after their application. In both in-vivo and in-vitro tests surti was found most effective followed by angeri and neem. In in-vivo test surti extract was found 75.36% effective followed by angeri extract 69.01% and neem extract 68.42% effective. Whereas in in-vivo test among the solutions of different concentrations used, 30 percent surti was found 68.18% effective followed by 20 percent surti 67.57%, 30 percent angeri 60.56%, 20 percent angeri 58.18%, 30 percent neem 57.81% and 20 percent neem 53.43% effective. Likewise ill ill-vitro test surti extract was found 94% effective followed by angeri 74% and neem 72% effective. Whereas among the solutions used in in-vitro test, 30 percent surti was found 90% effective followed by 20 percent surti 82%, 30 percent angeri and neem 24% effective.

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in Proceedings: 5th national workshop on livestock and fisheries research in Nepal 10-11 July 2002 / Rai, Ash Kumar

Title :	Study On Infectious Causes Of Infertility And Its Management In Crossbred And Exotic Cattle In Nepal
Material Type:	printed text
Authors:	Jha, V.C., Author
Pagination:	137-141 p.
Languages :	English (eng)
Abstract:	This study was aimed to know the extent of infertility problem and to isolate, identify the specific and nonspecific agents causing infertility in crossbred and exotic cattle in Nepal. The treatment responses of antiseptic and antibiotics in repeat breeders and aborted cases have also been evaluated. One hundred and eighteen serum samples collected from the repeat breeder and aborted cows were subjected for antibody detection of Brucella abortus, Leptospira hardjo, Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis/Infectous Pustular Vulvovaginitis virus and Chlamydia pscittaci. 0.8% samples were positive for the presence of antibody of brucellosis, 9.3% for leptospirosis and 50.8% for infectious bovine rhinotracheitis/Jnfectious pustular vulvovaginitis and no any sample positive for chlamydiosis. The cervical and uterine samples tested for Trichomonads microscopically, none of the sample was found positive. Escherichia coli, Bacillus spp and Staphylococcus aureus were major bacterial species isolated from the cows having cervicitis and endometritis. The treatment response of the cows with pathological condition of endometritis, and/or cervicitis was found promising. Out of 28 cases treated, 19 (67.8%) cows were found to be pregnant at follow up after 5 months. Therefore the treatment therapy applied in this study can be a promising therapy for the treatment of cases with infectious form of infertility particularly infertility due to microbial origin.

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in Proceedings: 5th national workshop on livestock and fisheries research in Nepal 10-11 July 2002 / Rai, Ash Kumar

Title :	Responses Of Teat Dipping On Incidence Of Mastitis In High Yielding Dairy Cows
Material Type:	printed text
Authors:	D. R. Joshi, Author
Pagination:	142-146 p.
Languages :	English (eng)
Abstract:	Afastitis is an economically important production disease of lactating animals and is even more important in high yielding daily animals. In Nepal, the clinical form of mastitis is being treated with antibiotics but not always with success, however, there has not been any approach for the control of the equally important sub-clinical form of the disease. The present paper reports the findings on teat dipping approach for tlze control of mastitis in dairy cows. The evaluation was carried out for nine months on 42 lactating COli'S of Kundhar village for the first year and then on 76 lactating cows from three villages (Kzmdhar, Batulechaur a11d Hemja) and livestockfann of Agricultural Research Station, Lunrle, Kaski Nepal for the second year. The results of the study showed that, with the regular use of teat dips with Povidone Iodine for 10 months, the incidence of sub-clinical mastitis lt'as reduced by 70% in the first and 68.5% in the second year from the initial injection level. Similarly, there was a significant reduction on the incidence of clinical mastitis in the animals when teat dipping was practised. These findings suggest the useful role of teat dips in controlling mastitis of daily animals. The present findings need to be disseminated in the wider areas of commercial dailying for the effective control of clinical and sub clinical mastitis in daily animals.

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in Proceedings: 5th national workshop on livestock and fisheries research in Nepal 10-11 July 2002 / Rai, Ash Kumar

Title :	Mycopllasma Gall/Sept/Cum (Mg) Antigen For Serum Agglutination Test In Chicken
Material Type:	printed text
Authors:	Pradhan, A., Author
Pagination:	147-149 p.
Languages :	English (eng)
Abstract:	Mycopllasma gallisepticum (MG) coloured antigen for the identification of MG infected flock was produced. M gallisepticum S-6 strain was used in the antigen. Locally prepared buffalo heart infusion was used for the production of antigen. The antigen was standardised against MG positive and negative sera.

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in Proceedings: 5th national workshop on livestock and fisheries research in Nepal 10-11 July 2002 / Rai, Ash Kumar

Title :	Neonatal Kid Mortality In Local Hill Goats: Problem And Prospects Of Its Alleviation In The Eastern Hills
Material Type:	printed text
Authors:	Aryal, M.P., Author
Pagination:	150-156 p.
Languages :	English (eng)
Abstract:	.Mortality among neonates is one of the important factors limiting intensive goat husbandry in this region. In spite of the ability of local hill goats to adapt with their native environment they, especially the young, succumb to death due to many factors. Therefore, a study was initiated to obtain adequate information about the extent, etiology and nature of neonatal mortality based upon which, suitable preventive and curative strategies could be formulated to cope with the situation. Overall mortality rate of neonatal kids was recorded 12.14%, which was found highest (19.32%) in Afzmga/Phalante and lowest (5.95%) in Clwngmang sites. Similarly, more than 70% birth and death cases were recorded during January to Afarch and July to December respectit·ely. Combination of grazing and stall feeding system of management was found better in terms of birth rate of kids whereas grazing system was be Iter than others in terms of neonatal mortality rate. Parity number of doe, birth weight of kid and age of kid H'as found negatively related with kid mortality rate. On the other hand, f)jJe of birth was fozmd positively related with mortality rate of neonatal kids. Irrespective of management system, altitude and environmental condition, diseases were the most common cause of neonatal kid mortality. However, the extent of death due to accident and predation was found higher in grazing system of management. Symptomatic recording showed that majority of dead kids were suffering from respiratory and digestive disturbances though, mixed type of infection was also a common finding, ll'hich was also supported by the postmortem recording. Streptococcus pneumonia, Klebsiella pneumonia, Pasturella haemolytica, Streptococcus pyogens, Corynebacterium pyogens, Staphylococcus aureus, Mycoplasma capricolum, 'Nfycoplasma arginini, Afycoplasma mycoides and Escherichia coli ll'ere the major bacterial isolates obtained from pneumonic lungs. Similarly, Enterobactor cloacae, Staphylococcus epidermidis. Klebsiella oxytoca, Pasturel!a multocida, Proteus species, Chromobacterium vio/acum, Clostridium perfringens and Salmone!!a species were also isolated from the dead kids. Considerable number of isolates of Escherichia coli and Sakone!la species suggest towards improper sanitary measures adopted in goat husband1y. Resistance against some of the common antibiotics was shown by the bacterial pathogens however; Ciprojloxacin and Norfloxacin were the most effective antibiotics against majority of isolates. Eimeria species, Haemonchus contortus, Strongylus columbiformis, Strongylus axei, Strongylus vitrinus, Oesophagostomum venulosum, Strongyloides Papillosus and Trichuris ovis were the major parasite responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis leading to kid death. Among them, Eimeria species, Haemonchus con/or/us, Strongylus and Strongyloides were found in their decreasing order of severity. Therefore it can be said that Coccidiosis, Pneumonia, Parasitic enteritis, Bacterial enteritis and Pneumo-enteritis complex were the diseases responsible for considerable loss of kids in neonatal stage. Similarly, bacterial infections leading to respirat01y problems were more common in winter and pre-monsoon seasons whereas parasitic infections including coccidiosis \l'ere found frequently during momoon and post-monsoon season of the year. On the other hand, bacterial enteritis was more common during winter and monsoon seasons. These findings !l'ere discussed and strategies to combat the neonatal kid mortality suggested.

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in Proceedings: 5th national workshop on livestock and fisheries research in Nepal 10-11 July 2002 / Rai, Ash Kumar

Title :	Status Of Livestock Ticks And Tick Borne Diseases In Nepal: A Review
Material Type:	printed text
Authors:	Shrestha, S.P., Author ; Acharya, Madhav P., Author
Pagination:	157-159 p.
Languages :	English (eng)
Abstract:	Six genera of livestock ticks namely, Boophilus, Rhipicephalus, Haemaphysalis, Ixodes, Aponomma and Hyaloma have been identified of which Boophilus, Rhinicephalus and Haemaphysalis were the major genera found in all the domestic animals. Tick borne haemoprotozoan diseases are now endemic in eastern terai and sporadic in the hilly region of the country. Local cattle were not reported to suffer from clinical form of tropical Bovine theileriosis because it might be that they possess fair amount of resistant to the diseases and also to the vector.

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in Proceedings: 5th national workshop on livestock and fisheries research in Nepal 10-11 July 2002 / Rai, Ash Kumar

Title :	Evaluation On Different Cultiv Ars Of Oat For Maximum Fodder And Seed Production On Station
Material Type:	printed text
Authors:	Shrestha, K.K., Author ; N. P. Shrcstha, Author ; N. P. Bhattarai, Author
Pagination:	163-164 p.
Languages :	English (eng)
Abstract:	Fourteen cultivars of oat were evaluated at farm condition of Agricultural Research Station Rasuwa for three years. The different parameter data on· agronomic, production and phenotypic characters were recorded and analyzed to determine the most suitable cultivars of oat for winter forage production. The cumulative result revealed that the fodder biomass production of oat was significant difference (P result among the years. The maximum fodder production was obtained from 83! NC I9 03 yielded I4. 63 GM mtlha and 2.94 DM mt!ha. The lowest production was .fi·om NARK-I (PAK) 7.39 mt GM/Iza and I .3I mt DJ\1/ Iza. Similarly the highest seed yield was obtained from A11 apzmi 4. 6 mt/ha and lowest was fowzd from Omihi I. 7I mtlha. Most of the cultivars of oat except Canadian and NARC-I P AK was found suitable on farm condition of Rasuwa.

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in Proceedings: 5th national workshop on livestock and fisheries research in Nepal 10-11 July 2002 / Rai, Ash Kumar

Title :	Comparative Study Of Promising Cultiv Ars Of Oat And Triticales For Fodder And Seed Production On Station
Material Type:	printed text
Authors:	Shrestha, K.K., Author ; Shrestha, N.P., Author ; N. P. Dhattarai, Author
Pagination:	161-167 p.
Languages :	English (eng)
Abstract:	Five most promising cultivars of oat and five most selected genotypes of triticales were compared for two years on station for their fodders and seed production. The growth and production parameters of each treatment ll'ere recorded separately on each year. The significant difference was found on plant height, leaf length, leaf breadth, leaf number and green matter production except tiller numbers and seed yields among treatments and years. The cultivars of oat are found superior to triticales for more fodder and seed production. The maximum green matter and d1y matter productio11 was obtainedji-om 83JNC19G3 13.64 mt/ha and Omihi 2.83 mt/ha, respectively. The lowest fodder production 4.55 mt/ha GM and 1.0 mt/ha DM was obtained ji-om RSKINAC/4/SNBPCHIKALIBB/3/CA8055. The maximum seed yield was produced from Taiko 2. 94 mt/ha and trilicle ZJ5418/A1ARS produced the lowest seed yields 1.11 mt/ha.

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in Proceedings: 5th national workshop on livestock and fisheries research in Nepal 10-11 July 2002 / Rai, Ash Kumar

Title :	Range land Productivity And Its Management In High Altitude Rangelands Of Rasuw A, Nepal (A Case Study)
Material Type:	printed text
Authors:	Banstola, B.R., Author ; M. Sapkota, Author ; Devkota, N.R., Author ; M. Sharma, Author
Pagination:	168-182 p.
Languages :	English (eng)
Abstract:	Rangelands are the backbone of hill farm economy and are fundamental to the rearing of sheep, goat, cattle, yak and their hybrids. In order to study on vegetation composition and productivity of rangeland in different altitudinal range, a survey was carried out from July to October 2000. Out of total rangelands in Rasuwa district, 17 rangelands were purposely selected for the study. The major species found at 2520-3200 m were Pennisetum jlaccidum, Poa annua, and Trifolium repens. The species found at 3200-3900 m was Danthonia sp., Poa annua and Trifolium repens. Similarly. the species found at 3950-4380 m were Danthonia sp., Trifolium repens, Poa amzua, Potentilla flugens and Bistorla sp. The biomass yield (BMY) and d1y matter (DA1) were 4.40 tl/w and 1t/ha at 2250-2750 m, 4.42 and 0.94 t!lza at 27751-3250 m, 4.19 and 0. 78 t/ha at 3251-3750 m, 4.63 and 0. 78 t/ha at 3751-4250 m and 6.80 and 1.14 t/ha at 4251-4750 111. The B1\IY and DM production were significantly affected by altitude, slope and aspect (P 8.2 and 1.38 t/ha at 4.02 and 0.85 t/ha at 31-51 days, 4.06 and 0.66 t/ha at 36-40 days and 4.48 and 0.88 t/ha at >40 days. The second cutting had higher yield than the first one in all the rangelands. Potentilla fulgens had the highest DM content (27. 67%) where as Corydalis meifolia had the lowest DA1 (14.89%). The different species had significantly different DM content (P Key word: Altitude, Biomass, D1y matter, Vegetation, Yield,

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in Proceedings: 5th national workshop on livestock and fisheries research in Nepal 10-11 July 2002 / Rai, Ash Kumar

Title :	Study On Production Performance Of Winter Forage Crops On Farmers' Fields Of Dhaibung And Laharepauwa Vdc Ofrasuwadistrict
Material Type:	printed text
Authors:	Shrestha, K.K., Author ; Shrestha, N.P., Author ; N. P. Bhattarai, Author
Pagination:	183-186 p.
Languages :	English (eng)
Abstract:	Five cultivars of oat were evaluated for identifying the most suitable cultivars under farmers' fields condition of Dhibung and Laharepazllva VDCs. The data on growth and production parameters were recorded for three years ji-om each treatment. The result revealed that no significant difference was found on plant height, leaf length, leaf breadth, leaf number, tiller number, green matter and dty matter production anwng treatments and replications but significant difference was found among the years. The pe1jormance of first year is better than second and third year. Omihi produced the maximum fodder 20.2 mt/ha GM and 3.83 mt/ha DM Followed by Taiko 16.3 mt GM and 3.2 mt DJV! and 83 INC 19 G3 15.81 mt/ha and 2.53 mt/ha GM and DM, respectively. The lowest yield was obtained ji-om Caraville 12.6 mt GM/ha. The mix cropping oat with vetch and pea under rainfed and irrigated conditions found non significant difference on plant height, leaf number, tiller number, leaf length among treatments. The forage biomass production among the treatments was found significantly different (P under rainfed versus irrigated conditions was also found non significant different. The maximum forage production was found ji-om oat intercropped with pea 13. 7 4 mt/ha GM and 2.23 mtlha DM in rainfed condition while the fodder production was maximum 16.17 mt/ha GM and 2. 6 mtlha DM ji-om sole oat in irrigated condition. The result revealed that forage production increased by 18% under irrigated vs rainfed condition.

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in Proceedings: 5th national workshop on livestock and fisheries research in Nepal 10-11 July 2002 / Rai, Ash Kumar

Title :	The Fifth National Workwhop On Livestock And Fisheries Research
Material Type:	printed text
Pagination:	187-194 p.
Languages :	English (eng)

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in Proceedings: 5th national workshop on livestock and fisheries research in Nepal 10-11 July 2002 / Rai, Ash Kumar

Title :	RECENT SPREAD AND IMPACT OF ANIMAL HEALTH TECHNOLOGIES IN NEPAL
Material Type:	printed text
Authors:	Pradhan, A., Author ; D. R. Ratala, Author
Pagination:	18-23 p.
Languages :	English (eng)

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in Proceedings: 5th national workshop on livestock and fisheries research in Nepal 10-11 July 2002 / Rai, Ash Kumar

Title :	IMPACT OF FISHERIES TECHNOLOGY· A SCOPE FOR FUTURE INVESTMENT
Material Type:	printed text
Authors:	Rai, A.K., Author ; Shrestha, N.P., Author ; D. M. Singh, Author
Pagination:	24-30 p.
Languages :	English (eng)

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in Proceedings: 5th national workshop on livestock and fisheries research in Nepal 10-11 July 2002 / Rai, Ash Kumar

Title :	EFFECT OF CONCENTRATE SUPPLEMENTATION IN MILK RODUCTION OF LACTATING BUFFALOES FED ON CROP RESIDUES BASED DIETS
Material Type:	printed text
Authors:	JHa, P.K., Author ; Rana, R.S., Author ; Shrestha, B.S., Author
Pagination:	31-36 p.
Languages :	English (eng)
Abstract:	The study was carried out at three different sites of the research command areas of Agriculture Research Station, Lumle. The result of concentrate supplementation on rice straw, wheat straw and maize stover based diet revealed that milk yield of lactating buffaloes increased by 36.0%, 63.5% and 27.4%, respectively as compared to control group during the supplementation period. The increment in the yield of the treatment (supplemented) groups were 61.6%, 57.6% and 21% compared to the yield of same groups before supplementation on rice, wheat and maize stover based diet, respectively. In addition, milk fat percent increased from 5.9 to 7.5, 5.7 to 7.8 and 5.8 to 6.0 on concentrate supplementation in rice straw, wheat straw and maize stover based diets, respectively. The chemical analysis of these crop residues showed that the highest N content was found in maize stover followed by rice straw and wheat straw.

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in Proceedings: 5th national workshop on livestock and fisheries research in Nepal 10-11 July 2002 / Rai, Ash Kumar

Title :	Effect of Prepartum Concentrate Feeding on Milk Productrion in Dairy Buffaloes
Material Type:	printed text
Authors:	Mandal, P., Author
Pagination:	37-40 p.
Languages :	English (eng)
Abstract:	Twelve advanced pregnant murrah buffaloes of similar lactation number, calving season and milk production of previous lactation were used for this study to find out the effect of prepartum feeding on postpartum production. All twelve animals were divided into four treatment groups A, B, C and D randomly. Group A, B, C and D were provided the concentrate @ 3. 5, 3. 0, 2. 5 and 2. 0 kg, respectively twice a day. This concentrate was given prior to 60 days of calving. The milk yield was recorded daily two times for a peak lactation period of 120 days and found highly significantly difference in group A, B, C and D. Similarly the birth weight was found significantly difference.

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in Proceedings: 5th national workshop on livestock and fisheries research in Nepal 10-11 July 2002 / Rai, Ash Kumar

Title :	Performance Of Diferent Cross Breed .Goats On Farmers Management System At Low Hills And Riverbasin Of Western Nepal
Material Type:	printed text
Authors:	L. N. Pandey, Author ; Kuwar, B.S., Author
Pagination:	41-43 p.
Languages :	English (eng)
Abstract:	A preliminary study was carried at low hills and river basin of Baradi to compare performances of 50% Jamunapari x Khari and 50% Barbari x Khari. The growth pe1jormances of these crossbred animals were found better on farmers management system of low hills and river basin compared to on station performances. But in case of reproductive pelformance in farmers field, age at first kidding and kidding interval was better on farmers management however kidding rate was lower then on station. The preliminary study shows that crossbred animals could perform equally well at low hills and river basin as is found at ARS Bandipur. Further study encompassing larger areas and larger number of animals needs to be studied to get conclusive results.

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in Proceedings: 5th national workshop on livestock and fisheries research in Nepal 10-11 July 2002 / Rai, Ash Kumar

Title :	Layers-Strater Ration With Methionine And Lysine Supplements: An Ideal Approach Of Raising Quail
Material Type:	printed text
Authors:	Osti, N.P., Author
Pagination:	44-50 p.
Languages :	English (eng)
Abstract:	Quail (Cortonix cortonix japonica) meats are delicious, containing less fat and cholesterol thus gaining popularity. However, as quail are fast growing birds they require high quality ration. Two consecutive experiments were conducted at Regional Agricultural Research Station, Parwanipur, Nepal during September - October (2001) to know the effect of supplemental methionine and Lysine with ordinary layer starter ration to the meat production of quail. in the first experiment, birds were raised in two feeding systems. The first one was fed ordinary layer starter ration with 5 percentfish .meal, 125 g methionine and 250 g Lysine per 100 kg of feed, while the other was fed with ordinary layer ration without additional fishmeal, methionine and Lysine. In both cases, birds were raised under deep litter system. Four hundred birds were used in total for the first experiment. In the second, birds were treated for jive dietary treatments with 5 replications. The treatments were: Layer starter ration (Ll)+no methionine & Lysine (Fl), Ll+0.00625 methionine & 0.0125 Lysine (F2), Ll+0.0125 methionine & 0.025 Lysine (F3) and Ll +0. 025 methionine & 0. 05 Lysine (F4) respectively. In the first experiment birds fed with methionine and Lysine supplement had higher body weight gain compared to nonsupplemented group. In the second experiment, higher body weight gain, better feed consumption, efficient utilization of feed for meat and generated higher gross income from Ll +0.0125 methionine & 0. 025 Lysine group compared to other dietmy treatments. Both experiments provided evidence that if methionine and Lysine could be supplemented ordinmy layer starter ration can be used for quail feeding as well without compromising production pe1jormances. However, to determine the better feed efficiency and maximum return plan, research on protein nutrition on quail should be expandedfitrther. Key words: Quail, methionine and Lysine

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in Proceedings: 5th national workshop on livestock and fisheries research in Nepal 10-11 July 2002 / Rai, Ash Kumar

Title :	Breeding Observation Of Gold Fish, Carassius Auratus Auratus
Material Type:	printed text
Authors:	K. Bajracharya, Author ; Joshi, P.L., Author ; Rayamajhi, A., Author ; D. KC, Author
Pagination:	51-55 p.
Languages :	English (eng)
Abstract:	The spawning behavior of gold fish (Carassius auratus auratus) was studied from February to July 2000 in natural condition. Gold fish produced their young ones from 29 February to 16 May 2000. Egg fertility was observed fi"om 76% to 87.5% and the hatchibility was observed from 71% to 80%. A total of 499 offspring were resulted at seven batches. About 91% small size flies were lost out of 499 individuals.

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in Proceedings: 5th national workshop on livestock and fisheries research in Nepal 10-11 July 2002 / Rai, Ash Kumar

Title :	Effect Of Common Carp (Cyprinus Carpio) Stocking Size And Density On Production Of Rice And Fish Under Rice-Fish Farming
Material Type:	printed text
Authors:	T. B. Gurung, Author ; H. P. Dhakal, Author ; Wagle, S.K., Author
Pagination:	56-64 p.
Languages :	English (eng)
Abstract:	Evaluation of rice and fish yield at three stocking density of common cmp Cyprinus carpio (4000, 5000 and 6000 Nos/ha) in combination of two stocking size (5-10 g and 10-20 g) along with Sabitri rice was tested in farm er's field at Syanja and Tanahun. In general, 4-5% of rice field was occupied to dug "trench" as refuse for fish during emergencies. During this study, water temperature ranged from 27:±2 to 39:±2 °C. . In general, fish showed rapid growth until first month after stocking then did not changed substantially till harvest in most treatments. Tiller number in control was less than treatments regardless of stocking number and size of fish. Rice yield was slightly higher in treatments than in control ranging .fi'om 4. 7-5.8 Mt.lha, though rice was not planted in trench dug only in treatments. Indeed, rice yield seems to be compensated due to increased number of tillers in treatments. This might also due to pest and weed control and rapid nutrient recycling by fish stocked in treatments. This study demonstrate that production of rice do not decrease with use of rice field as fish trench. However, rice-fish integration could optimize additional income to farmers through fish production, which ranged .fi'om 180-395 kglha depending upon stocking density and size of fingerlings. In treatments fish yield increased with stocking density. Highest fish yield occurred in treatment with combination of large size (LS: 20g) and highest stocking (HS: 6000 Nos) density.

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