Altogether 26 pasture species and herbs i.e.10 graminae, 12 leguminous and 4 herb forage species were sown at livestock Farm Jiri Khimti. The germination, establishment, growth, flowering and seeding characters were studied under local condition of Jiri Khimti. The objective of this study was to find out the performance and adaptability of sown New Zealand and other exotic pasture species and herbs at local environment condition of Jiri Khimti. As a whole, graminae species performed better than leguminous species on germination, establishment, growth and other reproductive parameters. Among grass species, tall oat grass (Arenantherium elatius) performed the best with the highest green matter (G.M) 45 t/ha. Three out of four herb species did well at local condition.  One herb species sheep buret (Sanisor baminor) performed the best. It produced 18.5 ton green .matter/ha.Lotus 'Maku' (Lotus pedunculatus) found to be the best among leguminous species. It produced 45 ton green matter/ha.

Altogether 26 pasture species and herbs i.e.10 graminae, 12 leguminous and 4 herb forage species were sown at livestock Farm Jiri Khimti. The germination, establishment, growth, flowering and seeding characters were studied under local condition of Jiri Khimti. The objective of this study was to find out the performance and adaptability of sown New Zealand and other exotic pasture species and herbs at local environment condition of Jiri Khimti. As a whole, graminae species performed better than leguminous species on germination, establishment, growth and other reproductive parameters. Among grass species, tall oat grass (Arenantherium elatius) performed the best with the highest green matter (G.M) 45 t/ha. Three out of four herb species did well at local condition.  One herb species sheep buret (Sanisor baminor) performed the best. It produced 18.5 ton green .matter/ha.Lotus 'Maku' (Lotus pedunculatus) found to be the best among leguminous species. It produced 45 ton green matter/ha.

Forage Seeds are the basic requisites to carry out forage development activities. Since 1980, Nepal hasreceived over 12 Mt. of forage seeds from overseas throughout various agencies. Forage cultivation andrange lands improvement are new practice among the farmers. Traditional Knowledge on forageproduction is lacking in Nepal. After the intervention of DLS, Livestock Development Project from 1980's,forage cultivation and seed production activities had been popularly accepted by the farmers. At present, four government farms are involved in various kind of forage seed production.  Over 20different of forage crops are grown for seeds production.  The estimated production of forage seeds is about55 Mt in which 71percent is contributed by private farmers. Major species grown by the farmers are oat,Vetch, Berseem, Stylo, Molasses etc. There is a lack of proper marketing and distribution program and quality control measures for forageseeds. DLS has been promoting forage seed production through extension and development activities. DLShas been launching Rural and Bank program to promote seed production at farmers level. It is estimatedthat about 1,450 ha of lands is brought under fodder and pasture crops each year. The domesticproduction of forage seeds meets only 66 percent of the total requirements. Due to the diversified climateNepal has potential to grow wide range of forage seeds. Proper attention is needed to promote forage seedproduction, distribution and quality control to meet the domestic requirements as well as to promote exportorient market of forage seeds.

Forage Seeds are the basic requisites to carry out forage development activities. Since 1980, Nepal hasreceived over 12 Mt. of forage seeds from overseas throughout various agencies. Forage cultivation andrange lands improvement are new practice among the farmers. Traditional Knowledge on forageproduction is lacking in Nepal. After the intervention of DLS, Livestock Development Project from 1980's,forage cultivation and seed production activities had been popularly accepted by the farmers. At present, four government farms are involved in various kind of forage seed production.  Over 20different of forage crops are grown for seeds production.  The estimated production of forage seeds is about55 Mt in which 71percent is contributed by private farmers. Major species grown by the farmers are oat,Vetch, Berseem, Stylo, Molasses etc. There is a lack of proper marketing and distribution program and quality control measures for forageseeds. DLS has been promoting forage seed production through extension and development activities. DLShas been launching Rural and Bank program to promote seed production at farmers level. It is estimatedthat about 1,450 ha of lands is brought under fodder and pasture crops each year. The domesticproduction of forage seeds meets only 66 percent of the total requirements. Due to the diversified climateNepal has potential to grow wide range of forage seeds. Proper attention is needed to promote forage seedproduction, distribution and quality control to meet the domestic requirements as well as to promote exportorient market of forage seeds.

A study was carried out in order to see the green forage production of eight most promising cultivars of oats under rainfed conditions in two subsequent years at Pakhribas Agricultural Centre. The result showed thatthere was no significant difference on the green forage yield between cultivars at {P>0.05) for both years butsignificant difference was observed between years at {P<0.01).  The green forage yield was significantly lowerin the second year which was mainly attributed to less rainfall occurred after sowing in the second year ascompare to the previous year. The result pooled for two years showed that Swan produced highest greenforage yield (24.14 t/ha), followed by Awapuni  (23.94  t/ha), Amouri  (23.31  t/ha), JHO810  (22.30  t/ha)  andKent (20.61 t/ha).  This clearly reveals that Amouri, JHO810, Awapuni, Swan and Kent are suitable cultivarsfor green forage production  under rainfed conditions among the cultivars tested.

A study was carried out in order to see the green forage production of eight most promising cultivars of oats under rainfed conditions in two subsequent years at Pakhribas Agricultural Centre. The result showed thatthere was no significant difference on the green forage yield between cultivars at {P>0.05) for both years butsignificant difference was observed between years at {P<0.01).  The green forage yield was significantly lowerin the second year which was mainly attributed to less rainfall occurred after sowing in the second year ascompare to the previous year. The result pooled for two years showed that Swan produced highest greenforage yield (24.14 t/ha), followed by Awapuni  (23.94  t/ha), Amouri  (23.31  t/ha), JHO810  (22.30  t/ha)  andKent (20.61 t/ha).  This clearly reveals that Amouri, JHO810, Awapuni, Swan and Kent are suitable cultivarsfor green forage production  under rainfed conditions among the cultivars tested.

An observation trial was conducted at Rohun alpine pasture at 3800m altitude. This pasture land is grazed for 2-3 months in the summer by sheep, goats, buffalo and cattle. The purpose of the trial was to identify thebotanical composition, the biomass production and the proximate analysis of the forage. Ten species of grass were identified but no legumes were found. Biomass production was found to be 2.4 MTDM/ha in August, and 2.1 MTDM/ha in September. Protein content of the pasture was higher when harvested in August (10.89%) as compared to thatharvested in September (9.52%).

An observation trial was conducted at Rohun alpine pasture at 3800m altitude. This pasture land is grazed for 2-3 months in the summer by sheep, goats, buffalo and cattle. The purpose of the trial was to identify thebotanical composition, the biomass production and the proximate analysis of the forage. Ten species of grass were identified but no legumes were found. Biomass production was found to be 2.4 MTDM/ha in August, and 2.1 MTDM/ha in September. Protein content of the pasture was higher when harvested in August (10.89%) as compared to thatharvested in September (9.52%).

White clover is believed to be introduced in around 1940 in Nepal. Since  then over 23 cultivars from 8different countries were introduced and tasted Different 1NGOs I NGOs are involving in introduction andthe promotion of white clover in Nepal. Between the FY 1980 to 1990, over 1600 kgs of white clover seedswere imported from overseas country under DOAD programme.  White clover is widely used for oversowing into the native pasture lands to improve the productivity as well as to maintain the soil fertilitystatus.  White clover is growing between the altitude from 700 m to 4000 m altitude and are quite popularas a pasture as well as lawn grass.  The DM production of white clover has been found up to 9.5 MTDM/ha under multicut regime in experimental conditions with fertilization and irrigation. Similarly, the seedproduction has been recorded up to 375 kg/ha from cultivar Laden at Marpha. Out of the total varieties thelocal Khumal was found successful in humid areas where as Aberyswuth cultivars like S-128 was foundgood in transhinmalyan region such as Marpha. More emphasis should be given to study the overallaspects of its adaptability and DM and seed production  aspects.

White clover is believed to be introduced in around 1940 in Nepal. Since  then over 23 cultivars from 8different countries were introduced and tasted Different 1NGOs I NGOs are involving in introduction andthe promotion of white clover in Nepal. Between the FY 1980 to 1990, over 1600 kgs of white clover seedswere imported from overseas country under DOAD programme.  White clover is widely used for oversowing into the native pasture lands to improve the productivity as well as to maintain the soil fertilitystatus.  White clover is growing between the altitude from 700 m to 4000 m altitude and are quite popularas a pasture as well as lawn grass.  The DM production of white clover has been found up to 9.5 MTDM/ha under multicut regime in experimental conditions with fertilization and irrigation. Similarly, the seedproduction has been recorded up to 375 kg/ha from cultivar Laden at Marpha. Out of the total varieties thelocal Khumal was found successful in humid areas where as Aberyswuth cultivars like S-128 was foundgood in transhinmalyan region such as Marpha. More emphasis should be given to study the overallaspects of its adaptability and DM and seed production  aspects.

 Forage legumes which can be grown during the dry winter season have an important role in raising animal productivity in the hill farming systems of Nepal. The contribution that legumes can make to herbage quality is considerable and there is ample evidence of substantial gains in animal production being possible. At Pakhribas Agricultural Centre (PAC), South Farm, Dhankuta, at an elevation of 1520 masl with an average rainfal1 of 1500 mm/year, a study was carried out of six forage legumes, Desmodium intortum cv.Oreenleaf, Desmodium uncinatum cv. Silverleaf, Neonotonia wightii cv. Clarence, Stylosanthes guianensis cv.Graham, Cassia rotundifolia cv. Wynn and Vicia dasycarpa cv. Namoi, to assess their performance underboth irrigated and rainfed conditions for two years. During the years 1989/90 and 1990/91, observation on survivility and establishment of forage legume blocks through vegetative propagation was also recorded. The biomass yield from six species were obtained with and Without irrigation. The average yield increase dueto irrigation was 0.51 DM t/ha, a non-statistically significant effect.  However: there were statistically significant differences inyield between species (p<0.001) and between years (p<0.002). The highest average annual dry  matter (DM) yield  was  obtained from   Desmodium   intortum  (4.25  DM  t/ha), followed by Stvlosanthes guianensis (3.84 DM t/ha}, Desmodium uncinatum (3.11 DM t/ha), Neonotonia wightii (3.08 DMt/ha), Cassia rotundifolia (1.00 DM t/ha) and Vicia dasycarpa (0.48 DM t/ha).The introduction of legumes into mid hills of Nepal seems to be suitable and practicable for the improvement of livestock production, particularly during the dry  winter season (December to May). Furthermore, theselegumes have multiple roles of nitrogen fixation into the soil, conservation of soil,- high nutritive value andability to produce good forage  during the dry winter season. There is great potential to establish forage legume blocks on terraces, bunds and terrace risers of bari/khet land, not only through sexual propagation but also through vegetative propagation. Nevertheless, there is aneed for detailed study of establishing forage legume blocks through vegetative propagation concerningestablishment, time of harvest, biomass production and effective ways of transporting the cuttings for longer distances.

 Forage legumes which can be grown during the dry winter season have an important role in raising animal productivity in the hill farming systems of Nepal. The contribution that legumes can make to herbage quality is considerable and there is ample evidence of substantial gains in animal production being possible. At Pakhribas Agricultural Centre (PAC), South Farm, Dhankuta, at an elevation of 1520 masl with an average rainfal1 of 1500 mm/year, a study was carried out of six forage legumes, Desmodium intortum cv.Oreenleaf, Desmodium uncinatum cv. Silverleaf, Neonotonia wightii cv. Clarence, Stylosanthes guianensis cv.Graham, Cassia rotundifolia cv. Wynn and Vicia dasycarpa cv. Namoi, to assess their performance underboth irrigated and rainfed conditions for two years. During the years 1989/90 and 1990/91, observation on survivility and establishment of forage legume blocks through vegetative propagation was also recorded. The biomass yield from six species were obtained with and Without irrigation. The average yield increase dueto irrigation was 0.51 DM t/ha, a non-statistically significant effect.  However: there were statistically significant differences inyield between species (p<0.001) and between years (p<0.002). The highest average annual dry  matter (DM) yield  was  obtained from   Desmodium   intortum  (4.25  DM  t/ha), followed by Stvlosanthes guianensis (3.84 DM t/ha}, Desmodium uncinatum (3.11 DM t/ha), Neonotonia wightii (3.08 DMt/ha), Cassia rotundifolia (1.00 DM t/ha) and Vicia dasycarpa (0.48 DM t/ha).The introduction of legumes into mid hills of Nepal seems to be suitable and practicable for the improvement of livestock production, particularly during the dry  winter season (December to May). Furthermore, theselegumes have multiple roles of nitrogen fixation into the soil, conservation of soil,- high nutritive value andability to produce good forage  during the dry winter season. There is great potential to establish forage legume blocks on terraces, bunds and terrace risers of bari/khet land, not only through sexual propagation but also through vegetative propagation. Nevertheless, there is aneed for detailed study of establishing forage legume blocks through vegetative propagation concerningestablishment, time of harvest, biomass production and effective ways of transporting the cuttings for longer distances.

Deenanath grass (Pennisetum pedicellatum) is a potential fodder crop grown in summer. Although, it isgrown mostly in tropical areas, a trial was conducted at an altitude of 1700m to examine the total DMyield and tillering effect on different R-R spacing.  The standard spacing for transplanted Deenanath grasswas considered as 30cm x 15cm (R-R x P-P) according to Chatterjee and Das (1989). The trial wasconsidered as Latin Square Design having 4 treatments and 4 replications. Though, highest plant height(average 58.3cm) and tiller number (16.95 per plant, significant at 0.05%) was observed in T-3(25%increased R-R spacing); maximum DM yield (average 3556kg/ha) and highest tiller number (average433.7per  m2) was found  in reduced R-R spacing by 50%.

Deenanath grass (Pennisetum pedicellatum) is a potential fodder crop grown in summer. Although, it isgrown mostly in tropical areas, a trial was conducted at an altitude of 1700m to examine the total DMyield and tillering effect on different R-R spacing.  The standard spacing for transplanted Deenanath grasswas considered as 30cm x 15cm (R-R x P-P) according to Chatterjee and Das (1989). The trial wasconsidered as Latin Square Design having 4 treatments and 4 replications. Though, highest plant height(average 58.3cm) and tiller number (16.95 per plant, significant at 0.05%) was observed in T-3(25%increased R-R spacing); maximum DM yield (average 3556kg/ha) and highest tiller number (average433.7per  m2) was found  in reduced R-R spacing by 50%.

A study  of 75 days was carried out on 15 Murrah buffalo calves at the livestock Farm .of the institute of Agriculture and Animal Science, Rampur, Chitwan, to see the effect of replacing concentrate mixture of their diet through dried brewer's grains (DBG) on fattening  cost. The overall mean body weight gains during the study period  were 333.4, 513.3 and 417.3 g/day for control (Tz), 25% crude protein  of the concentrate mixture replaced by DBG (T2) and 50% crude protein of the concentrate mixture replaced by DBG (T3). However, the variation or daily gain did not differ significantly. The overall fattening  cost and cost to produce  one kilogram  of body weight  were  Rs.  36.36; Rs 20; 78; and Rs. 23.02 for   T1, T2 and T3 respectively. DM consumption  by the animals to gain one kilogram  of live weight for the respective treatments were 14.0,9.0 and 11.3 kg, respectively. It was concluded that the dried brewer's grains could replace up to 25% crude protein of the concentrate mixture of the diets of buffalo calves satisfactorily.

A study  of 75 days was carried out on 15 Murrah buffalo calves at the livestock Farm .of the institute of Agriculture and Animal Science, Rampur, Chitwan, to see the effect of replacing concentrate mixture of their diet through dried brewer's grains (DBG) on fattening  cost. The overall mean body weight gains during the study period  were 333.4, 513.3 and 417.3 g/day for control (Tz), 25% crude protein  of the concentrate mixture replaced by DBG (T2) and 50% crude protein of the concentrate mixture replaced by DBG (T3). However, the variation or daily gain did not differ significantly. The overall fattening  cost and cost to produce  one kilogram  of body weight  were  Rs.  36.36; Rs 20; 78; and Rs. 23.02 for   T1, T2 and T3 respectively. DM consumption  by the animals to gain one kilogram  of live weight for the respective treatments were 14.0,9.0 and 11.3 kg, respectively. It was concluded that the dried brewer's grains could replace up to 25% crude protein of the concentrate mixture of the diets of buffalo calves satisfactorily.

Twenty two different varieties of rice from different locations of Nepal were analysed for Dry Matter(DM), Organic Matter (OM) Crude Protein (CP) and Total Ash contents. DM, OM, CP and Total Ash contents were found to be significantly different between different varietiesof rice straws (P< 0.001). DM .contents ranged between 85.0 ^+/_ 0.88% (Birangful) and 90.5 ^+/_ 0.83% (Jirasari). OM contents ranged between 84.7 ^+/_ 0.82 % (Phi/is) and 89.9 ^+/_ 0.82 % (Chinapati), CPcontents ranged between 3.6 ^+/_ 0.34% (Tilki) and 6.0 ^+/_ 0.40% (Philis). Total Ash contents ranged between10.1^+/_ 0.37%(Chinapati) and 15.3 ^+/_  1.08.% (Philis).The present study indicated that six rice varieties (Philis, Satha, Yekahattar, Sabitri, Chirage and Masuli)which contained CP between 5.0 and 6.0 percentage units, may be considered as .some of the superiorquality rice straws for feeding the ruminants in Nepal.

Twenty two different varieties of rice from different locations of Nepal were analysed for Dry Matter(DM), Organic Matter (OM) Crude Protein (CP) and Total Ash contents. DM, OM, CP and Total Ash contents were found to be significantly different between different varietiesof rice straws (P< 0.001). DM .contents ranged between 85.0 ^+/_ 0.88% (Birangful) and 90.5 ^+/_ 0.83% (Jirasari). OM contents ranged between 84.7 ^+/_ 0.82 % (Phi/is) and 89.9 ^+/_ 0.82 % (Chinapati), CPcontents ranged between 3.6 ^+/_ 0.34% (Tilki) and 6.0 ^+/_ 0.40% (Philis). Total Ash contents ranged between10.1^+/_ 0.37%(Chinapati) and 15.3 ^+/_  1.08.% (Philis).The present study indicated that six rice varieties (Philis, Satha, Yekahattar, Sabitri, Chirage and Masuli)which contained CP between 5.0 and 6.0 percentage units, may be considered as .some of the superiorquality rice straws for feeding the ruminants in Nepal.

This study was carried out to determine the correlationship between the various constituents of the foddertree' leaves. Twenty two species of fodder tree leaves were sampled from different parts of the countrywere collected in November to December and analyzed in the laboratory for ten different constituents allon dry matter basis, without considering the species effect, the correlation analysis for these constituentswere carried out. The mean chemical composition of 22 different fodder tree species leaves were analyzedfor dry matter (DM) 41.04%, organic matter (OM) 91.33%, crude protein (CP) 15.32%, neutral detergentfibre (NDF) 54.62%, acid detergent fibre (ADF) 46.63%, cell soluble content (CSC) 45.65%, cell wallcontent (CWC) 22.53%, hemicellulose (HCL) 8.17%, acid detergent lignin (ADL) 23.92% and total ash(TASh) 8.81%.The correlation between DM & OM (0.22944), OM & NDF (0.2399), OM & ADF (0.23221), OM & CWC(0.27521), CP & HCL (0.23302), CP & TASH   (-0.26270), NDF & TASH (-0.24741), ADF & TASH (-0.24383), and  CWC & TASH  (-0.2871) are significant  (P<0.05) while  correlation  among  OM & CP(0.3139), OM & TASH (-0.973), NDF & ADF (0.8587), NDF & CSC (-0.9751), NDF & CWC (0.2996},NDF & ADL (0.7951), ADF & CSC (-0.8380), ADF & CWC (0.4108), ADF & HCL (-0.5464), ADF&ADL (0.8606), CSC & CWC (-0.2914), CSC & ADL (-0.7759), CWC & HCL (-0.3287), and HCL & ADL (-0.4112) were highly significant (P<0.01) correlated.

This study was carried out to determine the correlationship between the various constituents of the foddertree' leaves. Twenty two species of fodder tree leaves were sampled from different parts of the countrywere collected in November to December and analyzed in the laboratory for ten different constituents allon dry matter basis, without considering the species effect, the correlation analysis for these constituentswere carried out. The mean chemical composition of 22 different fodder tree species leaves were analyzedfor dry matter (DM) 41.04%, organic matter (OM) 91.33%, crude protein (CP) 15.32%, neutral detergentfibre (NDF) 54.62%, acid detergent fibre (ADF) 46.63%, cell soluble content (CSC) 45.65%, cell wallcontent (CWC) 22.53%, hemicellulose (HCL) 8.17%, acid detergent lignin (ADL) 23.92% and total ash(TASh) 8.81%.The correlation between DM & OM (0.22944), OM & NDF (0.2399), OM & ADF (0.23221), OM & CWC(0.27521), CP & HCL (0.23302), CP & TASH   (-0.26270), NDF & TASH (-0.24741), ADF & TASH (-0.24383), and  CWC & TASH  (-0.2871) are significant  (P<0.05) while  correlation  among  OM & CP(0.3139), OM & TASH (-0.973), NDF & ADF (0.8587), NDF & CSC (-0.9751), NDF & CWC (0.2996},NDF & ADL (0.7951), ADF & CSC (-0.8380), ADF & CWC (0.4108), ADF & HCL (-0.5464), ADF&ADL (0.8606), CSC & CWC (-0.2914), CSC & ADL (-0.7759), CWC & HCL (-0.3287), and HCL & ADL (-0.4112) were highly significant (P<0.01) correlated.

The study is a synthesis of findings of results of three different studies viz. large ruminant  crossbreedingprogramme  assessment study  (1993), research  impact study  (1994), and census survey  of Lumle  AgriculturalResearch  Centre's Extension  Command Area  {I991).   The study  has primarily   attempted  to identify the factorsaffecting  adoption  of  improved  cattle  and  buffaloes  using  a  logistic  regression  analysis  (stepwise forwardmethod). Six  variables  viz  household food   balance,  breeding  bull  distribution programme.   number of  largeruminants  (LS unit),  interaction between number  of large ruminants  and livestock system, feed  source  and sexof household  head significantly  affected  adoption  of improved  breed  of buffalo. Similarly, in cattle  adoptionof improved  breed was  affected  by agro-ecological  zone, food   balance, feed   source,  livestock feed   balance,breeding  bull distribution programme,   and  interaction  between number  of large ruminants  and feed   balance.Of these  variables,  correlation  of  the  adoption  of  improved  breed  varied  with  the  category  of feed   source. However, food   balance, number of large ruminants, and interaction between number of large ruminants and feed   balance was positively   correlated.   whilst  the  rest  of  the  variables  were  negatively   correlated  with improved  breed  adoption. Striking  results  qf  the  study   are  that  wealthier   class  of farmers,    and farmhouseholds with Kudo/mixed feed  source  have adopted  improved  breed of both species.  Negative  correlationof breeding  bull  distribution programme   with adoption  of improved  animals  by farm  households  residing  inprogramme   villages  is indicative  of diffusion  q( the technology  to villages  without  breeding  bull  distributionprogramme,   attributing  to the success  of the programme.

The study is a synthesis of findings of results of three different studies viz. large ruminant  crossbreedingprogramme  assessment study  (1993), research  impact study  (1994), and census survey  of Lumle  AgriculturalResearch  Centre's Extension  Command Area  {I991).   The study  has primarily   attempted  to identify the factorsaffecting  adoption  of  improved  cattle  and  buffaloes  using  a  logistic  regression  analysis  (stepwise forwardmethod). Six  variables  viz  household food   balance,  breeding  bull  distribution programme.   number of  largeruminants  (LS unit),  interaction between number  of large ruminants  and livestock system, feed  source  and sexof household  head significantly  affected  adoption  of improved  breed  of buffalo. Similarly, in cattle  adoptionof improved  breed was  affected  by agro-ecological  zone, food   balance, feed   source,  livestock feed   balance,breeding  bull distribution programme,   and  interaction  between number  of large ruminants  and feed   balance.Of these  variables,  correlation  of  the  adoption  of  improved  breed  varied  with  the  category  of feed   source. However, food   balance, number of large ruminants, and interaction between number of large ruminants and feed   balance was positively   correlated.   whilst  the  rest  of  the  variables  were  negatively   correlated  with improved  breed  adoption. Striking  results  qf  the  study   are  that  wealthier   class  of farmers,    and farmhouseholds with Kudo/mixed feed  source  have adopted  improved  breed of both species.  Negative  correlationof breeding  bull  distribution programme   with adoption  of improved  animals  by farm  households  residing  inprogramme   villages  is indicative  of diffusion  q( the technology  to villages  without  breeding  bull  distributionprogramme,   attributing  to the success  of the programme.

This study was conducted around Sagarmatha National Park Area in late winter season. The Yak and their crossbred herds were objectively visualized and studied entering Lukla ·and making actual visits on the way to Namche- Syangboche- Khumjungfor complete understanding of their breeding, and management practices through individual contact method Secondary data relevant .to the study, related documents and maps were also used as accessory resource materials for this study. From the study it was found the Yak/ Nak herding is one of the most importantly recognized/arming in the high terrain of sub Himalayan region of Nepal. Although this farming is being handled by traditional and uneducated Sherpa community since long time ago, yet some scientific reasoning are found being blended in their practices. There are a number of mating options, out of which farmers are adopting to the one which are the best suitable them. The various type of farming which are identified as being existed independently in Sagarmatha National Park Area are : ( i) Yak I Nak producer cum raiser, ( ii) Dimjo Chaunri I Zhop/cy() producer (breeder), (iii) Dimjo Chauri raiser, (iv) Dimjo Zhop/cyo raiser, (v) Urang Chaunri I Zhop/cyo producer (breeder), (vi) Urang Chmiri raiser and (vii) Urang Zhop/cyo raiser. They differ independently to one another in terms of their objectives, management practices and ownership. Although Dimijo crossbred seems to be superior in productive and reproductive performance to Urang but for the people of lower belt, Urang is recommended than Dimjo because of its advantage on adaptation inwide range of   climatic conditions over Dimijo. Selected Yak bull preferably with white color can   be imported from Tibet and should be used for mating purposes for genetic improvement of new generations.

This study was conducted around Sagarmatha National Park Area in late winter season. The Yak and their crossbred herds were objectively visualized and studied entering Lukla ·and making actual visits on the way to Namche- Syangboche- Khumjungfor complete understanding of their breeding, and management practices through individual contact method Secondary data relevant .to the study, related documents and maps were also used as accessory resource materials for this study. From the study it was found the Yak/ Nak herding is one of the most importantly recognized/arming in the high terrain of sub Himalayan region of Nepal. Although this farming is being handled by traditional and uneducated Sherpa community since long time ago, yet some scientific reasoning are found being blended in their practices. There are a number of mating options, out of which farmers are adopting to the one which are the best suitable them. The various type of farming which are identified as being existed independently in Sagarmatha National Park Area are : ( i) Yak I Nak producer cum raiser, ( ii) Dimjo Chaunri I Zhop/cy() producer (breeder), (iii) Dimjo Chauri raiser, (iv) Dimjo Zhop/cyo raiser, (v) Urang Chaunri I Zhop/cyo producer (breeder), (vi) Urang Chmiri raiser and (vii) Urang Zhop/cyo raiser. They differ independently to one another in terms of their objectives, management practices and ownership. Although Dimijo crossbred seems to be superior in productive and reproductive performance to Urang but for the people of lower belt, Urang is recommended than Dimjo because of its advantage on adaptation inwide range of   climatic conditions over Dimijo. Selected Yak bull preferably with white color can   be imported from Tibet and should be used for mating purposes for genetic improvement of new generations.

A complete dialed involving four  breeds viz. Rhode Island red, Australorp, whit Plymouth Rock and whiteCornish was conducted  Total 507 chicks belonging .to sixteen genetic groups resulting from  8 hatches onwhich data were available for production  traits, were utilized for  analysis. The traits studied were age andweight at sexual maturity and 90 days egg production.  All crosses differed significantly.  The direct genetic effect estimated were positive  in white Plymouth Rock and white Cornish for  the traits and variance due to direct genetic effect was highly significant. Average heterosis estimated was highest for weight at sexualmaturity 33.719±10.305 and with exception of age at sexual maturity, weight at sexual maturity and 90days egg production were highly significant.  Line heterosis was also highly significant for all the traits.The  lines  with  best  specific  combining  ability  were  RIRxAo,  RIRxWPR   WPRxWC for   age  at  sexualmaturity, RIRxAo and WPRxWC for  90 days egg production.  Variance due to SCA was highly significantfor  weight at sexual maturity and 90 days egg production  but not for  age at sexual maturity The Residualreciprocal  effect was highly significant for  age and weight  at sexual  maturity  but not for  90 days eggproduction.  Intra population selection could be adopted for improvement of economic traits for furtherdiallel experiments.

A complete dialed involving four  breeds viz. Rhode Island red, Australorp, whit Plymouth Rock and whiteCornish was conducted  Total 507 chicks belonging .to sixteen genetic groups resulting from  8 hatches onwhich data were available for production  traits, were utilized for  analysis. The traits studied were age andweight at sexual maturity and 90 days egg production.  All crosses differed significantly.  The direct genetic effect estimated were positive  in white Plymouth Rock and white Cornish for  the traits and variance due to direct genetic effect was highly significant. Average heterosis estimated was highest for weight at sexualmaturity 33.719±10.305 and with exception of age at sexual maturity, weight at sexual maturity and 90days egg production were highly significant.  Line heterosis was also highly significant for all the traits.The  lines  with  best  specific  combining  ability  were  RIRxAo,  RIRxWPR   WPRxWC for   age  at  sexualmaturity, RIRxAo and WPRxWC for  90 days egg production.  Variance due to SCA was highly significantfor  weight at sexual maturity and 90 days egg production  but not for  age at sexual maturity The Residualreciprocal  effect was highly significant for  age and weight  at sexual  maturity  but not for  90 days eggproduction.  Intra population selection could be adopted for improvement of economic traits for furtherdiallel experiments.

Mature 150 female of indigenous Sinhal goats maintained at SGRP were used to record the phenotypic(physical) and functional (productive) characteristics. The data collected over the two year are compiled and discussed Sinhal goats in Western mountainous region are hairy  and  heavier  (26.73±4.79kg)compared to the Khari (sinhal type) goat breed (25.4±6.2 kg). However, the difference in live weight maybe due to the different breed strain. Jumli Sinhal were higher in most of the body measurements compared to the eastern hilly goat breeds. Regarding the productive performance, the Sinhal goat grew faster at therate of 76.9 gram per day than eastern hilly goats (54 g/d). Sinhal produced 200 gram of long (9.25cm) coarse fibre of more than 60 micron. Shinhal were capable to carry more load (13 kg of grain) (32.5% of live weight) than sheep (10.5 kg). The milk produced by the Sinhal goat in Karnali region is adequate torear the singleton  as the production  is around 200 ml. per  day during 2 to 3 weeks of kidding. The milkyield in eastern mountain region is higher (43 ± 16 lit.lact.) compared to this area (26.13 ± 1).

Mature 150 female of indigenous Sinhal goats maintained at SGRP were used to record the phenotypic(physical) and functional (productive) characteristics. The data collected over the two year are compiled and discussed Sinhal goats in Western mountainous region are hairy  and  heavier  (26.73±4.79kg)compared to the Khari (sinhal type) goat breed (25.4±6.2 kg). However, the difference in live weight maybe due to the different breed strain. Jumli Sinhal were higher in most of the body measurements compared to the eastern hilly goat breeds. Regarding the productive performance, the Sinhal goat grew faster at therate of 76.9 gram per day than eastern hilly goats (54 g/d). Sinhal produced 200 gram of long (9.25cm) coarse fibre of more than 60 micron. Shinhal were capable to carry more load (13 kg of grain) (32.5% of live weight) than sheep (10.5 kg). The milk produced by the Sinhal goat in Karnali region is adequate torear the singleton  as the production  is around 200 ml. per  day during 2 to 3 weeks of kidding. The milkyield in eastern mountain region is higher (43 ± 16 lit.lact.) compared to this area (26.13 ± 1).

In an on-farm study of crossbreeding Baruwal with Border Leicester to improve the productive performance of sheep under a transhumance system in the high hills of Nepal, 362lambs, comprising 173 Baruwal and 189 25% Border Leicester (BL) x 75% Baruwal crossbred lambs born from Baruwal ewes from the year 1991 to 1993 period, were considered. Baruwal and the BL crossbred lambs weighed 2.44±0.09 and 2.87±0.09 kg respectively at birth whilst their body weights at 12 month age were 19.99±0.20 and 20.91±0.21 kg with an average daily weight gain of 47.6±0.6 and 49.2±0.6 g/day respectively. The weight of lambs at birth were significantly influenced by genotype, sex and year of birth (P<0.05) but not by the season of birth whilst their .bodyweight at one year of age differed significantly  with genotype, year  and season  of birth (P<0.05) but not with sex.   Quadratic regression analysis of monthly bodyweights of lambs revealed significantly higher growth rate .(P<0.001) in the BL crossbred than in the Baruwal, whilst the average daily gain in lamb weight over a period of one year age was likewise significant across the genotype  (P<0.01), year  and season of their births (P<0.001).   The greasy fleece weight at one year of age of the crossbred lambs (550.3±25.4 g) was significantly higher than that of the Baruwal lambs (P<0.00J), which was 459.4±23.3 g.  The mortality rate was 11.6% in Baruwal and. 17.5% in the crossbred lambs up to one year of their age.  Logistic regression analysis showed that the effect of year of birth on lamb mortality was significant (P<0.001), but the effect of other factors was not significant.

In an on-farm study of crossbreeding Baruwal with Border Leicester to improve the productive performance of sheep under a transhumance system in the high hills of Nepal, 362lambs, comprising 173 Baruwal and 189 25% Border Leicester (BL) x 75% Baruwal crossbred lambs born from Baruwal ewes from the year 1991 to 1993 period, were considered. Baruwal and the BL crossbred lambs weighed 2.44±0.09 and 2.87±0.09 kg respectively at birth whilst their body weights at 12 month age were 19.99±0.20 and 20.91±0.21 kg with an average daily weight gain of 47.6±0.6 and 49.2±0.6 g/day respectively. The weight of lambs at birth were significantly influenced by genotype, sex and year of birth (P<0.05) but not by the season of birth whilst their .bodyweight at one year of age differed significantly  with genotype, year  and season  of birth (P<0.05) but not with sex.   Quadratic regression analysis of monthly bodyweights of lambs revealed significantly higher growth rate .(P<0.001) in the BL crossbred than in the Baruwal, whilst the average daily gain in lamb weight over a period of one year age was likewise significant across the genotype  (P<0.01), year  and season of their births (P<0.001).   The greasy fleece weight at one year of age of the crossbred lambs (550.3±25.4 g) was significantly higher than that of the Baruwal lambs (P<0.00J), which was 459.4±23.3 g.  The mortality rate was 11.6% in Baruwal and. 17.5% in the crossbred lambs up to one year of their age.  Logistic regression analysis showed that the effect of year of birth on lamb mortality was significant (P<0.001), but the effect of other factors was not significant.

The major characteristics of Nepali small farm production systems with particular reference tolivestock and their feed supply are described Nepal's animal genetic resources are extremelydiverse (at least 17 species) and have multiple production functions. They have not yet beencharacterised but are widely believed to be unproductive and of inferior genetic merit. Thesebeliefs are not founded on comparative research or on the several production objectives(including adaptability to the local environment) for which animals are kept. Research in the pasthas been along classic lines, carried out on station and not always related to the real problems of small farmers. Future research areas should be identified in collaboration with farmers and theextension services, should be mainly applied and adaptive in nature and should be carried out incollaboration with farmers on their farms (On Farm Technology Testing) as well as on researchstations.

The major characteristics of Nepali small farm production systems with particular reference tolivestock and their feed supply are described Nepal's animal genetic resources are extremelydiverse (at least 17 species) and have multiple production functions. They have not yet beencharacterised but are widely believed to be unproductive and of inferior genetic merit. Thesebeliefs are not founded on comparative research or on the several production objectives(including adaptability to the local environment) for which animals are kept. Research in the pasthas been along classic lines, carried out on station and not always related to the real problems of small farmers. Future research areas should be identified in collaboration with farmers and theextension services, should be mainly applied and adaptive in nature and should be carried out incollaboration with farmers on their farms (On Farm Technology Testing) as well as on researchstations.

Goats are an important livestock species in the mid hills of Nepal and are primarily kept for mea production. The productivity of local goats is low when compared to exotic breeds in their respective countries. Productivity can be increased by selecting within the breed or crossing with improved breeds. Kiko goats, which were developed by crossing selected feral goats in New Zealand with dairy breeds (Anglo Nubian, British Saanen and British Toggenburg), have good growth rate, twinning rate and adaptability to survive in harsh environments. Local goats in the mid hills (Pakhribas in east and Bandipur in west) were inseminated with frozen semen of Kiko goats in 1990 and 1991. The crossbreeds born were studied for their performances in terms of both weight and reproductive traits in comparison with local goats. Kiko crossbreed goats were found significantly heavier than local goats at birth (P<0.00J) and at weaning weights (P<0.05). However, there were not significant differences between two genetic groups in terms of six month and one y ear weights. Kiko crossbreeds grew from birth to weaning age (4 months) at a rate of 62.7 g/day as compared to 57.0 g/dayfor  local goats (P<0.05).The average litter size at birth was 1.27±0.06 in Kiko and 1.37±0.06 in local goats. Kiko cross goats had a longer kidding interval (322±/4 days) than local goats (302±14 days). However, at both cases, the differences were not significant. The preliminary analysis revealed that Kiko crossbreeds were better than the local in some weight traits an4 in terms of reproductive characters. However, the records available are not adequate to confirm the result. The study is, therefore recommended to continue for at least further two years to conclude the results.

Goats are an important livestock species in the mid hills of Nepal and are primarily kept for mea production. The productivity of local goats is low when compared to exotic breeds in their respective countries. Productivity can be increased by selecting within the breed or crossing with improved breeds. Kiko goats, which were developed by crossing selected feral goats in New Zealand with dairy breeds (Anglo Nubian, British Saanen and British Toggenburg), have good growth rate, twinning rate and adaptability to survive in harsh environments. Local goats in the mid hills (Pakhribas in east and Bandipur in west) were inseminated with frozen semen of Kiko goats in 1990 and 1991. The crossbreeds born were studied for their performances in terms of both weight and reproductive traits in comparison with local goats. Kiko crossbreed goats were found significantly heavier than local goats at birth (P<0.00J) and at weaning weights (P<0.05). However, there were not significant differences between two genetic groups in terms of six month and one y ear weights. Kiko crossbreeds grew from birth to weaning age (4 months) at a rate of 62.7 g/day as compared to 57.0 g/dayfor  local goats (P<0.05).The average litter size at birth was 1.27±0.06 in Kiko and 1.37±0.06 in local goats. Kiko cross goats had a longer kidding interval (322±/4 days) than local goats (302±14 days). However, at both cases, the differences were not significant. The preliminary analysis revealed that Kiko crossbreeds were better than the local in some weight traits an4 in terms of reproductive characters. However, the records available are not adequate to confirm the result. The study is, therefore recommended to continue for at least further two years to conclude the results.

Pigs form an important component of hill farming systems in Rai, Limbu, Magar, Tamang and occupational caste communities in the eastern hills of Nepal. These farmers rear pigs especially for meat and religious purposes. The weaning age of piglets in the eastern hills varies from six weeks to more than two months. Although weaning of piglets at or before six weeks of age needs special care and management, there is the possibility of increasing the productivity of sows by weaning their piglets at six weeks of age.

A total of 19 Pakhribas sows were used in this study. They were randomly divided into two groups (10 sows for six week weaning and 9 sows for eight week weaning). The piglets produced from these two groups of sows were weaned at six and at eight weeks of age. The sows were always bred after weaning their piglets when they came in heat. This study was carried out between 1991 and 1994 at Pakhribas Agricultural Centre.

The results showed that the farrowing interval of sows decreased significantly (P=0.002) when the piglets were weaned at six weeks (162±4.38 days) of age compared to eight weeks (179±13.2 days). The lower farrowing interval in six weeks group has significantly increased the number of litters per sow per year (2.26 vs 2.05, p=0.00J). The number of piglets weaned per sow per year was 19.4 and 16.4 for six and eight week weaning groups respectively. No significant differences for litter traits (litter weight at birth, litter size at birth, litter size at weaning) were found. The results obtained from this study suggest that weaning of piglets at six weeks of age increases the productivity of sows.

Pigs form an important component of hill farming systems in Rai, Limbu, Magar, Tamang and occupational caste communities in the eastern hills of Nepal. These farmers rear pigs especially for meat and religious purposes. The weaning age of piglets in the eastern hills varies from six weeks to more than two months. Although weaning of piglets at or before six weeks of age needs special care and management, there is the possibility of increasing the productivity of sows by weaning their piglets at six weeks of age.

A total of 19 Pakhribas sows were used in this study. They were randomly divided into two groups (10 sows for six week weaning and 9 sows for eight week weaning). The piglets produced from these two groups of sows were weaned at six and at eight weeks of age. The sows were always bred after weaning their piglets when they came in heat. This study was carried out between 1991 and 1994 at Pakhribas Agricultural Centre.

The results showed that the farrowing interval of sows decreased significantly (P=0.002) when the piglets were weaned at six weeks (162±4.38 days) of age compared to eight weeks (179±13.2 days). The lower farrowing interval in six weeks group has significantly increased the number of litters per sow per year (2.26 vs 2.05, p=0.00J). The number of piglets weaned per sow per year was 19.4 and 16.4 for six and eight week weaning groups respectively. No significant differences for litter traits (litter weight at birth, litter size at birth, litter size at weaning) were found. The results obtained from this study suggest that weaning of piglets at six weeks of age increases the productivity of sows.

Pigs form an important component of hill farming systems in Rai, Limbu, Magar, Tamang and occupational caste communities in the eastern hills of Nepal. These farmers rear pigs especially for meat and religious purposes. The weaning age of piglets in the eastern hills varies from six weeks to more than two months. Although weaning of piglets at or before six weeks of age needs special care and management, there is the possibility of increasing the productivity of sows by weaning their piglets at six weeks of age.

A total of 19 Pakhribas sows were used in this study. They were randomly divided into two groups (10 sows for six week weaning and 9 sows for eight week weaning). The piglets produced from these two groups of sows were weaned at six and at eight weeks of age. The sows were always bred after weaning their piglets when they came in heat. This study was carried out between 1991 and 1994 at Pakhribas Agricultural Centre.

The results showed that the farrowing interval of sows decreased significantly (P=0.002) when the piglets were weaned at six weeks (162±4.38 days) of age compared to eight weeks (179±13.2 days). The lower farrowing interval in six weeks group has significantly increased the number of litters per sow per year (2.26 vs 2.05, p=0.00J). The number of piglets weaned per sow per year was 19.4 and 16.4 for six and eight week weaning groups respectively. No significant differences for litter traits (litter weight at birth, litter size at birth, litter size at weaning) were found. The results obtained from this study suggest that weaning of piglets at six weeks of age increases the productivity of sows.

Pigs form an important component of hill farming systems in Rai, Limbu, Magar, Tamang and occupational caste communities in the eastern hills of Nepal. These farmers rear pigs especially for meat and religious purposes. The weaning age of piglets in the eastern hills varies from six weeks to more than two months. Although weaning of piglets at or before six weeks of age needs special care and management, there is the possibility of increasing the productivity of sows by weaning their piglets at six weeks of age.

A total of 19 Pakhribas sows were used in this study. They were randomly divided into two groups (10 sows for six week weaning and 9 sows for eight week weaning). The piglets produced from these two groups of sows were weaned at six and at eight weeks of age. The sows were always bred after weaning their piglets when they came in heat. This study was carried out between 1991 and 1994 at Pakhribas Agricultural Centre.

The results showed that the farrowing interval of sows decreased significantly (P=0.002) when the piglets were weaned at six weeks (162±4.38 days) of age compared to eight weeks (179±13.2 days). The lower farrowing interval in six weeks group has significantly increased the number of litters per sow per year (2.26 vs 2.05, p=0.00J). The number of piglets weaned per sow per year was 19.4 and 16.4 for six and eight week weaning groups respectively. No significant differences for litter traits (litter weight at birth, litter size at birth, litter size at weaning) were found. The results obtained from this study suggest that weaning of piglets at six weeks of age increases the productivity of sows.

The climatic environment provided for pigs in many small holding situations in Nepal is a primary factor which contributes to efficiency in terms of high piglet mortality, slow piglet growth and inefficient use of food and other resources.
Climatic penalties have been quantified associated with damp floors / resting areas, draughty conditions, low temperature, housing of  pig singly and low intakes of digestible  / metavbolizable  energy. There  is  an  urgent  need  to  improve  housing  in  terms  of  rain proofing of roof  and  walls,  improved insulation value of floor, roof and walls, reduction of draughts, housing pigs in groups rather than singly and increasing digestible energy intake.
On the basis of the climatic penalties identified and the practical approaches for minimising these penalties, the concept of an improved building / management system for smallholders is proposed This is designed to improve the efficiency of utilization of basic resources such as feed, labour and housing materials using appropriate technologies and locally available materials and expertise.

The climatic environment provided for pigs in many small holding situations in Nepal is a primary factor which contributes to efficiency in terms of high piglet mortality, slow piglet growth and inefficient use of food and other resources.
Climatic penalties have been quantified associated with damp floors / resting areas, draughty conditions, low temperature, housing of  pig singly and low intakes of digestible  / metavbolizable  energy. There  is  an  urgent  need  to  improve  housing  in  terms  of  rain proofing of roof  and  walls,  improved insulation value of floor, roof and walls, reduction of draughts, housing pigs in groups rather than singly and increasing digestible energy intake.
On the basis of the climatic penalties identified and the practical approaches for minimising these penalties, the concept of an improved building / management system for smallholders is proposed This is designed to improve the efficiency of utilization of basic resources such as feed, labour and housing materials using appropriate technologies and locally available materials and expertise.

A study was undertaken in the Naaldum and Ratna Nagar to investigate the productive performances of local chickens. Both survey areas were purposively selected Naaldum represented the midhills and temperate climate while Ratna Nager represented the plain and tropical climate.Information regarding the productive performances of local chickens in the midhills and plain regions of Nepal was represented  by 10% respondents  each  in the communities  of  Naaldung  and  Ratna Nager Age at sexual maturity of hens ranged from µ tï months in  both  areas The numbers of eggs laid by a hen before getting broody was about 2% in both cases. Hatchability of eggs was higher in the plains of Ratna Nager with 70-80% and was significantly higher than was observed in Naaldung with only about 60%.Percent hatchability was higher during the winter season than in the hot summer season. There were 2-3 laying cycles from each hen observed in one year in both sites. Brooding mortality of chicks were as high as 40% in both the midhills and the plains. Chicks were weaned from µ -1 weeks old in both areas. Farmers in both areas believed the myth that the presence of the rooster affect early weaning of the chicks. A local hen usually resumes egg laying within 1 ±-1 µ days after weaning chicks.

A study was undertaken in the Naaldum and Ratna Nagar to investigate the productive performances of local chickens. Both survey areas were purposively selected Naaldum represented the midhills and temperate climate while Ratna Nager represented the plain and tropical climate.Information regarding the productive performances of local chickens in the midhills and plain regions of Nepal was represented  by 10% respondents  each  in the communities  of  Naaldung  and  Ratna Nager Age at sexual maturity of hens ranged from µ tï months in  both  areas The numbers of eggs laid by a hen before getting broody was about 2% in both cases. Hatchability of eggs was higher in the plains of Ratna Nager with 70-80% and was significantly higher than was observed in Naaldung with only about 60%.Percent hatchability was higher during the winter season than in the hot summer season. There were 2-3 laying cycles from each hen observed in one year in both sites. Brooding mortality of chicks were as high as 40% in both the midhills and the plains. Chicks were weaned from µ -1 weeks old in both areas. Farmers in both areas believed the myth that the presence of the rooster affect early weaning of the chicks. A local hen usually resumes egg laying within 1 ±-1 µ days after weaning chicks.

Four groups of crossbred (Jersey, Holstein Friesen, Brown Swiss and Ayrshire) calves were weaned at 2,3, 4 and 6 months of age. The treatments to all groups till the weaning were same. First puberty wereobserved in group at the age of 10 15 ± 1.2 months with a body weight 135 ± 12.6 kg. Maximum bodyweight 195.3 ± 10.2 was found in group C at the age of 12.33 ± 0.3 months.

Four groups of crossbred (Jersey, Holstein Friesen, Brown Swiss and Ayrshire) calves were weaned at 2,3, 4 and 6 months of age. The treatments to all groups till the weaning were same. First puberty wereobserved in group at the age of 10 15 ± 1.2 months with a body weight 135 ± 12.6 kg. Maximum bodyweight 195.3 ± 10.2 was found in group C at the age of 12.33 ± 0.3 months.

The rural poor  of  Bangladesh  are showing  their capability  of  operating  small-scale  livestock  and poultry enterprises  as a value-adding economic  activity.  It now emerges  as promising enough  to offer substantial growth opportunities  with a positive impact on labour absorption  and alleviation  of rural poverty.

The rural poor  of  Bangladesh  are showing  their capability  of  operating  small-scale  livestock  and poultry enterprises  as a value-adding economic  activity.  It now emerges  as promising enough  to offer substantial growth opportunities  with a positive impact on labour absorption  and alleviation  of rural poverty.

The livestock extension service of Lumle Agricultural Research Centre (LARC) provides  necessary technical advice to farmers  and also manages  the supply  of necessary  inputs and services in its Extension  Command Area  (ECA) to support  the  adoption  of livestock  technologies.    Livestock  extension  has,  thus,  introduced improved breeds emphasising six species,  namely  buffalo,  cattle,  sheep,  goats,  chicken  and rabbit.    When technologies are generated  by LARC's Livestock Section they are verified in particular  villages of the ECA and technologies adopted  are farther  disseminated throughout  the different  ecological zones. It has been found that numerous factors such as physical and geographical  conditions,  degree of subsistence orientation, progressiveness of the farmers' farming system,  socio-economic conditions,  as well as the ethnicity availability of technology,  communication.  literacy,  motivation,  input  support  and  shortage  of labour,  can  greatly influence the effectiveness of extension activities.   Thus.  while implementing livestock extension activities these factors were considered   Moreover. priority was placed upon those technologies that can generate substantial income for the farmers.   It has also been observed that the acceptance of improved technologies variedfrom region to region and amongst different ethnic groups within the ECA.  In addition,  one of the key elements of success  in  the  livestock  development  has  been  the group  approach  of its extension  through  the  Village Livestock Development Committees formed  amongst the farmers in the ECA.

The livestock extension service of Lumle Agricultural Research Centre (LARC) provides  necessary technical advice to farmers  and also manages  the supply  of necessary  inputs and services in its Extension  Command Area  (ECA) to support  the  adoption  of livestock  technologies.    Livestock  extension  has,  thus,  introduced improved breeds emphasising six species,  namely  buffalo,  cattle,  sheep,  goats,  chicken  and rabbit.    When technologies are generated  by LARC's Livestock Section they are verified in particular  villages of the ECA and technologies adopted  are farther  disseminated throughout  the different  ecological zones. It has been found that numerous factors such as physical and geographical  conditions,  degree of subsistence orientation, progressiveness of the farmers' farming system,  socio-economic conditions,  as well as the ethnicity availability of technology,  communication.  literacy,  motivation,  input  support  and  shortage  of labour,  can  greatly influence the effectiveness of extension activities.   Thus.  while implementing livestock extension activities these factors were considered   Moreover. priority was placed upon those technologies that can generate substantial income for the farmers.   It has also been observed that the acceptance of improved technologies variedfrom region to region and amongst different ethnic groups within the ECA.  In addition,  one of the key elements of success  in  the  livestock  development  has  been  the group  approach  of its extension  through  the  Village Livestock Development Committees formed  amongst the farmers in the ECA.

In recent years there has been considerable expansion of the had-woven carpet industry in Nepal.  This growth has meant that by 1993 Nepal was the world's largest exporter of hand-knot carpets, with large markets in Germany and other European countries.  However, the carpet industry in Nepal depends to large extent on a blend consisting of 25-30% Tibetan fibre and majority of New Zealand Romney and Romcross fibre. In the  interest  of the  long  term  economy  of Nepal  there  is obvious  value  in considering  ways  in which  larger quantities of fibre suitable for hand-knot could be grown in Nepal.  Such fibre production must take into account the rigorous conditions under which the majority of Nepalese sheep are grazed, and also the traditional uses of fibre which necessitate warmth and water-shedding properties.  In Nepal  breeds which produce fibre of Romcross quality in New Zealand and other countries  may not produce  the same fleece quality  in Nepal,  and these fleeces may not meet the local  warmth  and  water-whetting  specifications  as pure  breeds,  or even  in crosses  with local Nepalese sheep breeds such as the Buruwal Dhorel and Kage.The paper to be presented at the Convention  will examine the possible  role that specialty  carpet wool sheep which have  evolved in New Zealand  and Australia  (Carpetmaster,  Drysdale,  Elliottdale,  and  Tukidale) may play  in the Nepalese  livestock  and  carpet  industries.  Data from these specialty breeds will be compared with data from Romneys, Border Leicester and similar breeds wherever possible.  Also  the results of  crossbreeding  with indigenous sheep breeds in India and other countries  will he reviewed  to   guidelines for possible  evaluations  which might be conducted in Nepal.Whilst  is not possible  to predict  the outcome of most livestock  crosses with  any accuracy,  particularly difficult  to predict the performance of crossbred progeny  in an environment  as diverse as Nepal,  reasonable  conclusion can be drawn. for example.  it will be argued that a breed such as the Elliottdale could be useful for crossing programmes on better country such as in the mid-hills of Nepal, Alternatively, it will be suggested  that the Carpetmater may be a worthwhile consideration for use in hilly country.  Finally,  the Drysdale/Tukidale and Border Leicester  breeds may have  a role  in Nepal  through  crossbreeding  to produce  sheep  with  improved fleece quality  (Especially  optimal stuple length.  fibrefineness and handle), for the hand-spun carpet industry.

In recent years there has been considerable expansion of the had-woven carpet industry in Nepal.  This growth has meant that by 1993 Nepal was the world's largest exporter of hand-knot carpets, with large markets in Germany and other European countries.  However, the carpet industry in Nepal depends to large extent on a blend consisting of 25-30% Tibetan fibre and majority of New Zealand Romney and Romcross fibre. In the  interest  of the  long  term  economy  of Nepal  there  is obvious  value  in considering  ways  in which  larger quantities of fibre suitable for hand-knot could be grown in Nepal.  Such fibre production must take into account the rigorous conditions under which the majority of Nepalese sheep are grazed, and also the traditional uses of fibre which necessitate warmth and water-shedding properties.  In Nepal  breeds which produce fibre of Romcross quality in New Zealand and other countries  may not produce  the same fleece quality  in Nepal,  and these fleeces may not meet the local  warmth  and  water-whetting  specifications  as pure  breeds,  or even  in crosses  with local Nepalese sheep breeds such as the Buruwal Dhorel and Kage.The paper to be presented at the Convention  will examine the possible  role that specialty  carpet wool sheep which have  evolved in New Zealand  and Australia  (Carpetmaster,  Drysdale,  Elliottdale,  and  Tukidale) may play  in the Nepalese  livestock  and  carpet  industries.  Data from these specialty breeds will be compared with data from Romneys, Border Leicester and similar breeds wherever possible.  Also  the results of  crossbreeding  with indigenous sheep breeds in India and other countries  will he reviewed  to   guidelines for possible  evaluations  which might be conducted in Nepal.Whilst  is not possible  to predict  the outcome of most livestock  crosses with  any accuracy,  particularly difficult  to predict the performance of crossbred progeny  in an environment  as diverse as Nepal,  reasonable  conclusion can be drawn. for example.  it will be argued that a breed such as the Elliottdale could be useful for crossing programmes on better country such as in the mid-hills of Nepal, Alternatively, it will be suggested  that the Carpetmater may be a worthwhile consideration for use in hilly country.  Finally,  the Drysdale/Tukidale and Border Leicester  breeds may have  a role  in Nepal  through  crossbreeding  to produce  sheep  with  improved fleece quality  (Especially  optimal stuple length.  fibrefineness and handle), for the hand-spun carpet industry.

The Yak is an animal with a promising economic future and only domesticated bovine of the high altitude > 300m located within the perimeter of 65-115 Latitude North. It has been endowed physiologically to live even temperature below than 55c with scanty feed resources. Low gestation period (254 days) with less birth weight and small neonatal calf (9.2 kg) is an adaptive measure to the high altitude.  Mature body size and productive status of yak in different yak herding countries varies.  Small  body size (180-390kg) sure footsness,  poorly   developed  sweet-glands,  long  calving  interval  (616  days),  and  a  thick  layer  of sub- cutaneous fat  and two  type  of hairs  (coarse  and fine)  work  as  an  effective  insulator  against  the  low temperature  are also adaptive  measure  to the high  altitude  and cold environment.  Good well controlled research data concerning the physiology of the yak is spare and very little research work has been carried out so far to understand the physiological adaptation in high altitude with low temperature,  and to improve productivity  through scientific  breeding and management  systems.

The Yak is an animal with a promising economic future and only domesticated bovine of the high altitude > 300m located within the perimeter of 65-115 Latitude North. It has been endowed physiologically to live even temperature below than 55c with scanty feed resources. Low gestation period (254 days) with less birth weight and small neonatal calf (9.2 kg) is an adaptive measure to the high altitude.  Mature body size and productive status of yak in different yak herding countries varies.  Small  body size (180-390kg) sure footsness,  poorly   developed  sweet-glands,  long  calving  interval  (616  days),  and  a  thick  layer  of sub- cutaneous fat  and two  type  of hairs  (coarse  and fine)  work  as  an  effective  insulator  against  the  low temperature  are also adaptive  measure  to the high  altitude  and cold environment.  Good well controlled research data concerning the physiology of the yak is spare and very little research work has been carried out so far to understand the physiological adaptation in high altitude with low temperature,  and to improve productivity  through scientific  breeding and management  systems.

Nepal is one of the least developed country in the world, where most of the activities is carried out in remote hills areas devoid of modern facilities.As it is agricultural based country effort has been made to alleviate poverty of hills farmers with an average land holding of less than 0.5ha. per household  For the last two/three decades several research and development activities carried out in the research center's and extension  offices situated  different  locations  of the  country,  but  its  result  remain  question  marked Experiences also indicate  how important communication system between research station and farmers situation in order to development and disseminate farming technologies that are acceptable sustainable and affordable  by the farmers.  The development of appropriate concept and methodology of agriculture information system should be made along with extension research. Selection of suitable mass media is given priority while communicating agricultural information to the targeted group. As increase in rural electrification and urbanization use of  audio visual instrument should carried, because it is most effective means of  communicating farming technologies.

Nepal is one of the least developed country in the world, where most of the activities is carried out in remote hills areas devoid of modern facilities.As it is agricultural based country effort has been made to alleviate poverty of hills farmers with an average land holding of less than 0.5ha. per household  For the last two/three decades several research and development activities carried out in the research center's and extension  offices situated  different  locations  of the  country,  but  its  result  remain  question  marked Experiences also indicate  how important communication system between research station and farmers situation in order to development and disseminate farming technologies that are acceptable sustainable and affordable  by the farmers.  The development of appropriate concept and methodology of agriculture information system should be made along with extension research. Selection of suitable mass media is given priority while communicating agricultural information to the targeted group. As increase in rural electrification and urbanization use of  audio visual instrument should carried, because it is most effective means of  communicating farming technologies.