Altogether 219 crosses, including 134 single and 85 top and multiple were made for specific purposes during 1994/95 wheat season at NWRP, Bhairahawa. For this, a crossing block, comprising of 426 entries including 147 local landraces were planted in two planting dates to facilitate the crossing work. Genetic variability for leaf and stripe rust resistance, Helminthosporium leaf blight, loose smut, resistance and heat and drought tolerance were created utilizing specific donor parents……………………………

Altogether 219 crosses, including 134 single and 85 top and multiple were made for specific purposes during 1994/95 wheat season at NWRP, Bhairahawa. For this, a crossing block, comprising of 426 entries including 147 local landraces were planted in two planting dates to facilitate the crossing work. Genetic variability for leaf and stripe rust resistance, Helminthosporium leaf blight, loose smut, resistance and heat and drought tolerance were created utilizing specific donor parents……………………………

There were altogether ten different activities under this project heading. Among these, included were five screening nurseries and five yield evaluation trials. Out of these, 19th Nepal Advanced Line was supplied in six locations including Bhairahawa and one of the locations could not conduct it due to budget shortage…………………………

There were altogether ten different activities under this project heading. Among these, included were five screening nurseries and five yield evaluation trials. Out of these, 19th Nepal Advanced Line was supplied in six locations including Bhairahawa and one of the locations could not conduct it due to budget shortage…………………………

A total of six different types of observation nurseries and yield trials comprising of 390 lines and varieties were conducted at two locations, National Wheat Research Programme, Bhairahawa and Regional Agricultural Research Station, Nepalgunj during winter season of 1994/95 to identify and select high yielding promising genotypes for rainfed and/or partially…………………………

A total of six different types of observation nurseries and yield trials comprising of 390 lines and varieties were conducted at two locations, National Wheat Research Programme, Bhairahawa and Regional Agricultural Research Station, Nepalgunj during winter season of 1994/95 to identify and select high yielding promising genotypes for rainfed and/or partially…………………………

Majority of the area under wheat in Nepal is under Rice-Wheat system. Late heat stress is one of the main constraints of wheat production caused by high temperatures followed by hot dry winds during grain filling stage. Heat adversely affects the grain size and reduce grain yield. A total of four varietal improvement activities under Late sown irrigated conditions…………………

Majority of the area under wheat in Nepal is under Rice-Wheat system. Late heat stress is one of the main constraints of wheat production caused by high temperatures followed by hot dry winds during grain filling stage. Heat adversely affects the grain size and reduce grain yield. A total of four varietal improvement activities under Late sown irrigated conditions…………………

Four wheat varietal research activities were conducted at five research stations. Among these, were two screening nurseries and two yield evaluation trials. 10th Nepal Rainfed Nursery was distributed to two locations and 19th Advanced Lines was supplied to three locations. IET and CVT were distributed to four and five research stations respectively and one of the IETs could 110t be planted in Jumla……………………………

Four wheat varietal research activities were conducted at five research stations. Among these, were two screening nurseries and two yield evaluation trials. 10th Nepal Rainfed Nursery was distributed to two locations and 19th Advanced Lines was supplied to three locations. IET and CVT were distributed to four and five research stations respectively and one of the IETs could 110t be planted in Jumla……………………………

This report covers the results of wheat varietal and pathological research  activities carried out at PAC on-station/sub-station sites, during the years of 1993/94 and 1994/95.

A total of seven variety trials including advanced lines (F7) and disease observation nursery were carried out in 1993/94.

PWL-115, PWL-114 and PWL-113 found promising in PAC Initial Evaluation Trial carried out at the PAC North farm.

A total of seven entries namely, PWL-115, Annapurna-3, PWL-114 and PWL-1 13, PWL-110 PWL-109 and PWL-11 1 were observed to be promising in PAC Varietal trial conducted at PAC sub-station Majuwa (2200 m)……………………..

This report covers the results of wheat varietal and pathological research  activities carried out at PAC on-station/sub-station sites, during the years of 1993/94 and 1994/95.

A total of seven variety trials including advanced lines (F7) and disease observation nursery were carried out in 1993/94.

PWL-115, PWL-114 and PWL-113 found promising in PAC Initial Evaluation Trial carried out at the PAC North farm.

A total of seven entries namely, PWL-115, Annapurna-3, PWL-114 and PWL-1 13, PWL-110 PWL-109 and PWL-11 1 were observed to be promising in PAC Varietal trial conducted at PAC sub-station Majuwa (2200 m)……………………..

This report covers the results of wheat varietal and pathological research activities carried out at PAC and its command areas during winter 199 93. The results of the wheat minikit programme have also been reported. Reports on aspects husbandry like the yield constraint trial on wheat and the harvesting of wheat for double purposes (green fodder and grain) have also been reported in brief. Detailed reports on these and nutritional trials long term fertility trial on rice-wheat pattern will be produced separately…………………………….

This report covers the results of wheat varietal and pathological research activities carried out at PAC and its command areas during winter 199 93. The results of the wheat minikit programme have also been reported. Reports on aspects husbandry like the yield constraint trial on wheat and the harvesting of wheat for double purposes (green fodder and grain) have also been reported in brief. Detailed reports on these and nutritional trials long term fertility trial on rice-wheat pattern will be produced separately…………………………….

The importance of variety maintenance, quality seeds, and seed replacement rate in relation to enhancing wheat production in the country have been discussed. Factors affecting wheat variety deterioration, wheat variety diversification in the country and wheat seed production flow chart followed in Nepal have also been presented. A total of 23.325 metric tones of breeder and 2. 648 metric tones of nucleus seeds of twelve recommended and some pre-released wheat varieties were produced at NWRP, Bhairahawa during 1994195 wheat season. Breeder seeds for 106 hectares were distributed by NWRP and reports received from different farms and stations indicated that more than 175 metric tones of foundation seeds were produced during 1994195 wheat season.

The importance of variety maintenance, quality seeds, and seed replacement rate in relation to enhancing wheat production in the country have been discussed. Factors affecting wheat variety deterioration, wheat variety diversification in the country and wheat seed production flow chart followed in Nepal have also been presented. A total of 23.325 metric tones of breeder and 2. 648 metric tones of nucleus seeds of twelve recommended and some pre-released wheat varieties were produced at NWRP, Bhairahawa during 1994195 wheat season. Breeder seeds for 106 hectares were distributed by NWRP and reports received from different farms and stations indicated that more than 175 metric tones of foundation seeds were produced during 1994195 wheat season.

Four varieties of wheat for hill condition were studied for morphological characterisation in Khumaltarfield condition in the year 1993/94. Among the varieties, a moderate range of varietion were found in morphological and biochemical characteristics of seed, seeding and plant stand. At the seeding stage, the juvenile growth habit and seeding…………………………..

Four varieties of wheat for hill condition were studied for morphological characterisation in Khumaltarfield condition in the year 1993/94. Among the varieties, a moderate range of varietion were found in morphological and biochemical characteristics of seed, seeding and plant stand. At the seeding stage, the juvenile growth habit and seeding…………………………..

Among the tested entris in NDN two hundred fourty nine entries were observed resistant to both leaf and stripe rost, 171 entries to leaf rust and 2 78 to stripe rust, whereas, 28 were found to be resistant/tolerant to foliar blight (HLB), 135 topowde1 y mildew and 209 lo loose smut……………………..

Among the tested entris in NDN two hundred fourty nine entries were observed resistant to both leaf and stripe rost, 171 entries to leaf rust and 2 78 to stripe rust, whereas, 28 were found to be resistant/tolerant to foliar blight (HLB), 135 topowde1 y mildew and 209 lo loose smut……………………..

Foliar blight (HLB) was found significantly less, by applying two irrigation as compared two one irrigation. High seed rate @ of 150 kg/ha against 120 kg/ha had not measurable effect of HLB (AUDPC)Area Under Disease Progress Curve at flag leaf and whole plant. Foliar blight development and irrigation were observed negatively correlated either on whole plant and flage leaf Thousand grain weight (TGW) and grain yield (kg/ha) were also found to be highly negatively correlated with A UDPC on flag leaf as well as on whole plant.

Foliar blight (HLB) was found significantly less, by applying two irrigation as compared two one irrigation. High seed rate @ of 150 kg/ha against 120 kg/ha had not measurable effect of HLB (AUDPC)Area Under Disease Progress Curve at flag leaf and whole plant. Foliar blight development and irrigation were observed negatively correlated either on whole plant and flage leaf Thousand grain weight (TGW) and grain yield (kg/ha) were also found to be highly negatively correlated with A UDPC on flag leaf as well as on whole plant.

Tested wheat genotypes were found resistant at Bhairhawa condition. The ratio of unsprayed/sprayed appear useful to detect yield loss associated with foliar blight (HLB) and could help identify to/ranee as well as resistance. Grain yield loss was found from 3.1 to 23.8 percent. A UDPC was observed low in resistant genotypes and was used to measure the effects of HLB. Yield and other yield components were negatively correlated with AUDPC. However ,TGW was positively correlated in 1992.

Tested wheat genotypes were found resistant at Bhairhawa condition. The ratio of unsprayed/sprayed appear useful to detect yield loss associated with foliar blight (HLB) and could help identify to/ranee as well as resistance. Grain yield loss was found from 3.1 to 23.8 percent. A UDPC was observed low in resistant genotypes and was used to measure the effects of HLB. Yield and other yield components were negatively correlated with AUDPC. However ,TGW was positively correlated in 1992.

Wheat leaf rust samples were sent to Directorate of Wheat Research,(DWR), Regional station , Flower dale , Shim/a, for Rust pathotypes identification. During this year in winter season, Wheat leaf rust pathotypes 77-2(109R31-l) was found to be most predominant followed by 77-4(125R 23-1) and 12-4(69R37).

Wheat leaf rust samples were sent to Directorate of Wheat Research,(DWR), Regional station , Flower dale , Shim/a, for Rust pathotypes identification. During this year in winter season, Wheat leaf rust pathotypes 77-2(109R31-l) was found to be most predominant followed by 77-4(125R 23-1) and 12-4(69R37).

In order to screen wheat genotypes received from International and National source for resistant donors and also evaluate promising and recommended varieties for prevalent pathogen, Nepal Wheat Disease Screening Nursery containing 315 entries was planted at LARC {1675m) in 1994-95 winter season. From the nursery nineteen varieties were selected for disease as well as agronomic point of view. The variety NL645 was found promising with less blight and powdery mildew incidence. This variety was also resistant to leaf as well as yellow rust…………………………

In order to screen wheat genotypes received from International and National source for resistant donors and also evaluate promising and recommended varieties for prevalent pathogen, Nepal Wheat Disease Screening Nursery containing 315 entries was planted at LARC {1675m) in 1994-95 winter season. From the nursery nineteen varieties were selected for disease as well as agronomic point of view. The variety NL645 was found promising with less blight and powdery mildew incidence. This variety was also resistant to leaf as well as yellow rust…………………………

Disease monitoring was performed in wheat crop grown in the western regions of Nepal ranging from 300m to 17000m of Gorkha, Tanahun, Lamjung, Parbat, Baglung, Myagdi, Kaski and Syangja districts…………………..

Disease monitoring was performed in wheat crop grown in the western regions of Nepal ranging from 300m to 17000m of Gorkha, Tanahun, Lamjung, Parbat, Baglung, Myagdi, Kaski and Syangja districts…………………..

Frequent occurrence of blackish lesions with water soaked areas and variation of effect on ear emergence was observed at Nigale Fann in 1994 and Lumle Agricultural Research Centre in 1995. The bacteria Pseudomonas fuscovaginae was isolated from such symptoms. The bacteria was identified by cultural characteristics biochemical and pathogenicity test.

Frequent occurrence of blackish lesions with water soaked areas and variation of effect on ear emergence was observed at Nigale Fann in 1994 and Lumle Agricultural Research Centre in 1995. The bacteria Pseudomonas fuscovaginae was isolated from such symptoms. The bacteria was identified by cultural characteristics biochemical and pathogenicity test.

A total of 17 wheat differential for yellow rust race identification was planted at Lumle Agricultural Research Centre (1675m as/) during 1994195 under natural epiphytotic condition. The nursery was sown in third week of November in rod row of J m length with two row per entry. Same entries were also tested in pot under artificially inoculated condition in seedling stage. The field observations were taken based on Modified cobbs scale while infection type were recorded for seedling test. Under field condition only Lee was found with moderate type of infection and race 2EO was studied Under high disease pressure there was virulences to Yr15 (G25).

A total of 17 wheat differential for yellow rust race identification was planted at Lumle Agricultural Research Centre (1675m as/) during 1994195 under natural epiphytotic condition. The nursery was sown in third week of November in rod row of J m length with two row per entry. Same entries were also tested in pot under artificially inoculated condition in seedling stage. The field observations were taken based on Modified cobbs scale while infection type were recorded for seedling test. Under field condition only Lee was found with moderate type of infection and race 2EO was studied Under high disease pressure there was virulences to Yr15 (G25).

Sixty-six single hill plants were randomly selected and pagged Disease severity of leaf blight was scored on all leaves including flag leaf separately. Three srades of commulative disease severity were calculated and regressed with grain yield to establish a relationship between percentage disease severity and grain yield The commulative disease severity based on flag leaf or 2nd plus flag leaves gives better estimate of yield loss at various leaves of disease severity.

Sixty-six single hill plants were randomly selected and pagged Disease severity of leaf blight was scored on all leaves including flag leaf separately. Three srades of commulative disease severity were calculated and regressed with grain yield to establish a relationship between percentage disease severity and grain yield The commulative disease severity based on flag leaf or 2nd plus flag leaves gives better estimate of yield loss at various leaves of disease severity.

Long-term soil fertility experiment has been conducted at National wheat Research Program to evaluate the effects of long-term application of fertilizer and manure on soil fertility in a Rice-Rice-Wheat system. Nine fertilizer treatments including F. Y.M were tested Sharp yield decline was observed in minus P treatments. Yield decline was severe in early rice compared to normal Rice, and wheat. In minus P treatments yield came down to zero by 5th year. Yield reduction in minus K treatments was not observed in early rice but there was significant yield reduction in Normal Rice and Wheat. Reduction in available P seems to limit the grain yield followed by Potassium. F. Y.M increased almost all soil properties except exchangeable K. Despite the increase in soil properties in F. Y.M plots, yield could not sustain. Application of P and K, regained almost the original yield in P and K deficient plots.

Long-term soil fertility experiment has been conducted at National wheat Research Program to evaluate the effects of long-term application of fertilizer and manure on soil fertility in a Rice-Rice-Wheat system. Nine fertilizer treatments including F. Y.M were tested Sharp yield decline was observed in minus P treatments. Yield decline was severe in early rice compared to normal Rice, and wheat. In minus P treatments yield came down to zero by 5th year. Yield reduction in minus K treatments was not observed in early rice but there was significant yield reduction in Normal Rice and Wheat. Reduction in available P seems to limit the grain yield followed by Potassium. F. Y.M increased almost all soil properties except exchangeable K. Despite the increase in soil properties in F. Y.M plots, yield could not sustain. Application of P and K, regained almost the original yield in P and K deficient plots.

Soil fertility sustainability experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of long-term application of fertilizer and manure on soil fertility is rice-wheat system. No significant differences were observed between N and NP main plots in rice but differences were found in wheat. F.YM. was found better than check in both N and NP plots.

Soil fertility sustainability experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of long-term application of fertilizer and manure on soil fertility is rice-wheat system. No significant differences were observed between N and NP main plots in rice but differences were found in wheat. F.YM. was found better than check in both N and NP plots.

An experiment was conducted in RCB Design in the farmers field to study the effect of applied K on wheat grain yield. Results showed that an application of 41.5 kg K/ha significantly increased the wheat grain yield, 1000 grain weight over minus K plots. However potassium balance sheet showed the negative balance with 41.5 kg K/ha.

An experiment was conducted in RCB Design in the farmers field to study the effect of applied K on wheat grain yield. Results showed that an application of 41.5 kg K/ha significantly increased the wheat grain yield, 1000 grain weight over minus K plots. However potassium balance sheet showed the negative balance with 41.5 kg K/ha.

Two experiments were conducted to study the yield limiting factors of rainfed wheat in Regional Agriculture Research Station Bhairahawa during wheat growing season 2050-51 and 2051-52. One comprising treatment combination of three sowing times November first week, November fourth week and December third week; four wheat varieties Nepal 297, BL 1496, BL 1249 and RR 21 and, three seed rates 100, 125 and 150 kg/ha was laid out in split­ split-plot design with four replications……………………..

Two experiments were conducted to study the yield limiting factors of rainfed wheat in Regional Agriculture Research Station Bhairahawa during wheat growing season 2050-51 and 2051-52. One comprising treatment combination of three sowing times November first week, November fourth week and December third week; four wheat varieties Nepal 297, BL 1496, BL 1249 and RR 21 and, three seed rates 100, 125 and 150 kg/ha was laid out in split­ split-plot design with four replications……………………..

An experiment was designed to develop the technology alternative to rice transplanting and wheat seeding even if soil contains excess soil moisture for mid and lower wetland condition in Terai. Rice cultural methods did not affect wheat yield while wheat crop establishment method significantly affected wheat grain yield and its components. Surface seeding produced the boldest grains. It has been proved an alternative to plant wheat in time in mid and lower wetland conditions and thus helped to bring non - traditional wheat areas into whet cultivation which otherwise used to plant wheat late or remained fallow. Chinese seed drill produced the highest grain yield, net benefit ratio and marginal rate of return and surface seeding gave nearly equal net benefit.

An experiment was designed to develop the technology alternative to rice transplanting and wheat seeding even if soil contains excess soil moisture for mid and lower wetland condition in Terai. Rice cultural methods did not affect wheat yield while wheat crop establishment method significantly affected wheat grain yield and its components. Surface seeding produced the boldest grains. It has been proved an alternative to plant wheat in time in mid and lower wetland conditions and thus helped to bring non - traditional wheat areas into whet cultivation which otherwise used to plant wheat late or remained fallow. Chinese seed drill produced the highest grain yield, net benefit ratio and marginal rate of return and surface seeding gave nearly equal net benefit.

The extent of wheat sterility problem in the western hills of Nepal and all the possible causes of sterility have been reviewed The sterility problem has been increasingly observed both in rice-wheat system in irrigated lands and maize-wheat system in the uplands. The extents of losses were as high as 98% under severe conditions. Though the problem is caused by several factors of the environments in various combinations, however the low available boron, and low temperatures during the flowering period have been established as two most important factors. Boron availability is thought to be affected by several other factors such as water stress, alkalinity and low nutrition especially nitrogen………………………..

The extent of wheat sterility problem in the western hills of Nepal and all the possible causes of sterility have been reviewed The sterility problem has been increasingly observed both in rice-wheat system in irrigated lands and maize-wheat system in the uplands. The extents of losses were as high as 98% under severe conditions. Though the problem is caused by several factors of the environments in various combinations, however the low available boron, and low temperatures during the flowering period have been established as two most important factors. Boron availability is thought to be affected by several other factors such as water stress, alkalinity and low nutrition especially nitrogen………………………..

Experiments were carried out at Lumle Centre (1675m) and its Off Station Research Sites Keware Bhanjyang (1250m), Yampaphant (450m) and Rishing Patan (420m) and Singana (1250m) during the winter seasons of 1991192, 1992193 and 1993194 in order to assess the most important yield limiting constraints of wheat cultivation under rainfed and irrigated conditions. A minus one technique was used to test the importance of management factors by omitting them from a full package of practices comprising the recommended practices for those factors (nutrition, weed control, pest and disease control etc)………………………..

Experiments were carried out at Lumle Centre (1675m) and its Off Station Research Sites Keware Bhanjyang (1250m), Yampaphant (450m) and Rishing Patan (420m) and Singana (1250m) during the winter seasons of 1991192, 1992193 and 1993194 in order to assess the most important yield limiting constraints of wheat cultivation under rainfed and irrigated conditions. A minus one technique was used to test the importance of management factors by omitting them from a full package of practices comprising the recommended practices for those factors (nutrition, weed control, pest and disease control etc)………………………..

An experiment was carried out at Lumle Agricultural Research Centre (LARC) farm during the winter seasons of 1992193 and 1993194 in order to study the possibility and profitability of intercropping wheat (Triticum aestivum) with tori (Brassica compestris var. toria) and pea (Pisum sativum). A sole crop of wheat planted at 120 kg seed ha-1 was compared with sole  crops of tori and pea planted at 8 kg ha-1 and 60 kg seed ha-1 respectively, wheat and tori intercropped at 120:6, 120:4 and 120:2 kg seed ha-1, and wheat and pea at 120:45, 120:30 and 120:15 kg seed ha-1……………………..

An experiment was carried out at Lumle Agricultural Research Centre (LARC) farm during the winter seasons of 1992193 and 1993194 in order to study the possibility and profitability of intercropping wheat (Triticum aestivum) with tori (Brassica compestris var. toria) and pea (Pisum sativum). A sole crop of wheat planted at 120 kg seed ha-1 was compared with sole  crops of tori and pea planted at 8 kg ha-1 and 60 kg seed ha-1 respectively, wheat and tori intercropped at 120:6, 120:4 and 120:2 kg seed ha-1, and wheat and pea at 120:45, 120:30 and 120:15 kg seed ha-1……………………..

A field experiment was conducted during the winter season of 1991/92. 1992/93 and 1993/1994 to study the effect of intercropping wheat lentil and toria (rapeseed mustard) on total production of seed and grain, seed quality of wheat and monetary advantage. Intercropping did not affect seed qualiity (germination, purity and 1000 seed weight) of wheat seed. Intercropping gave as appent yield advantage over sole crops…………………………

A field experiment was conducted during the winter season of 1991/92. 1992/93 and 1993/1994 to study the effect of intercropping wheat lentil and toria (rapeseed mustard) on total production of seed and grain, seed quality of wheat and monetary advantage. Intercropping did not affect seed qualiity (germination, purity and 1000 seed weight) of wheat seed. Intercropping gave as appent yield advantage over sole crops…………………………

Wheat is the most important crop of Nepal. Identification of a suitable genotype to have a better impact of wheat to a particular recommendation is not only sufficient; however, other husbandry practices needs to be investigated according to the farmers' problems and needs. In this connection, two experiments; green fodder cutting in VL-616, in order to identify the proper stage of cutting and variety cum seed rate trial, in order to find out suitable seed rates for three wheat varieties having different seed sizes (large, medium and small) were carried out in 1993/94 and 1994/95 respectively………………….

Wheat is the most important crop of Nepal. Identification of a suitable genotype to have a better impact of wheat to a particular recommendation is not only sufficient; however, other husbandry practices needs to be investigated according to the farmers' problems and needs. In this connection, two experiments; green fodder cutting in VL-616, in order to identify the proper stage of cutting and variety cum seed rate trial, in order to find out suitable seed rates for three wheat varieties having different seed sizes (large, medium and small) were carried out in 1993/94 and 1994/95 respectively………………….

Wheat is the most important crop of Nepal. Identification of a suitable genotype to have a better impact of wheat to a particular recommendation is not only sufficient; however, other husbandry practices needs to be investigated according to the farmers' problems and needs. In this connection, two experiments; green fodder cutting in VL-616, in order to identify the proper stage of cutting and variety cum seed rate trial, in order to find out suitable seed rates for three wheat varieties having different seed sizes (large, medium and small) were carried out in 1993/94 and 1994/95 respectively………………….

Wheat is the most important crop of Nepal. Identification of a suitable genotype to have a better impact of wheat to a particular recommendation is not only sufficient; however, other husbandry practices needs to be investigated according to the farmers' problems and needs. In this connection, two experiments; green fodder cutting in VL-616, in order to identify the proper stage of cutting and variety cum seed rate trial, in order to find out suitable seed rates for three wheat varieties having different seed sizes (large, medium and small) were carried out in 1993/94 and 1994/95 respectively………………….

Wheat delay planting is one of the most important factors responsible for lower productivity in the country. Surface seeding is one of the alternatives to bring non­ traditional wheat areas (Rice-Fallow) to increase wheat production. Application qf Nitrogen at least J O Days after seeding (DAS) in split and 20 DAS in full dose greatly influenced effective tillerslm2, 1000 grain weight and grain yield Nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) is increased when N is applied within a month of seeding in splits. Basal application of Nitrogen is not recommended if one has to increase NUE under surface seeded condition.

Wheat delay planting is one of the most important factors responsible for lower productivity in the country. Surface seeding is one of the alternatives to bring non­ traditional wheat areas (Rice-Fallow) to increase wheat production. Application qf Nitrogen at least J O Days after seeding (DAS) in split and 20 DAS in full dose greatly influenced effective tillerslm2, 1000 grain weight and grain yield Nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) is increased when N is applied within a month of seeding in splits. Basal application of Nitrogen is not recommended if one has to increase NUE under surface seeded condition.

Dhaincha green manuring experiment was conducted at Bhairahawa agriculture research center for four years to study the effect of Dhaincha green manuring on rice yield and its residual effect on wheat crop . This experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with four replications and ten treatment. Two different species of sesbania (S. cannabina and S.rostrata) was studies……………………………

Dhaincha green manuring experiment was conducted at Bhairahawa agriculture research center for four years to study the effect of Dhaincha green manuring on rice yield and its residual effect on wheat crop . This experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with four replications and ten treatment. Two different species of sesbania (S. cannabina and S.rostrata) was studies……………………………

In a rice-wheat system compost alone is not adequate. Balanced mineral fertilizers should be included alone with compost to improve crop productively. Organic sources of fertilizers are a key factor for maintaining soil fertility and improving crop productivity in the longer term. The application of compost has improved organic matter content, exchangeable calcium, magnesium and the cation exchange capacity of soils. No significant changes were found in PH levels between the treatments when organic and inorganic sources of fertilizers were applied. There is a strong indication that chemical fertilizers, if applied alone, increases total exchangeable acidity. DTPA extractable micronutrients: Zn, Cu, and Mn did not change significantly over the five year period irrespective of treatments, but there is an indication of the decreasing availability of Zn from heavy chemical fertilization. Available Fe is in the high range and increases the available Fe from compost treatments.

In a rice-wheat system compost alone is not adequate. Balanced mineral fertilizers should be included alone with compost to improve crop productively. Organic sources of fertilizers are a key factor for maintaining soil fertility and improving crop productivity in the longer term. The application of compost has improved organic matter content, exchangeable calcium, magnesium and the cation exchange capacity of soils. No significant changes were found in PH levels between the treatments when organic and inorganic sources of fertilizers were applied. There is a strong indication that chemical fertilizers, if applied alone, increases total exchangeable acidity. DTPA extractable micronutrients: Zn, Cu, and Mn did not change significantly over the five year period irrespective of treatments, but there is an indication of the decreasing availability of Zn from heavy chemical fertilization. Available Fe is in the high range and increases the available Fe from compost treatments.

An experiment with 7 treatments was conducted in 1990191 and six more treatments of irrigation water application were added during the wheat season of 1991/92 and 1992/93 at RARS. Nepalgunj) to find out the best irrigation schedule and quantity of water for maximum yield on NL 297 wheat production. Maximum yield in 1990/91 was 3085.2 kg/ha by the application of 5.o cm irrigation at CRI stage with insignificant difference with other treatments and maximum yield of 3144.1 kg/ha was obtained in 1991192 with irrigations of 2.5 cm at crown root initiation stage and 5.0 cm. al booting stage. However 2.5 cm irrigation was not applied at crown root initiation stage due to rainfall of about 5.8 cm……………………………………

An experiment with 7 treatments was conducted in 1990191 and six more treatments of irrigation water application were added during the wheat season of 1991/92 and 1992/93 at RARS. Nepalgunj) to find out the best irrigation schedule and quantity of water for maximum yield on NL 297 wheat production. Maximum yield in 1990/91 was 3085.2 kg/ha by the application of 5.o cm irrigation at CRI stage with insignificant difference with other treatments and maximum yield of 3144.1 kg/ha was obtained in 1991192 with irrigations of 2.5 cm at crown root initiation stage and 5.0 cm. al booting stage. However 2.5 cm irrigation was not applied at crown root initiation stage due to rainfall of about 5.8 cm……………………………………

The experiments were carried out at Khumaltar during 1989/90, 1990/91, 1991/92, 1992/93 and  1994/95 to study the effect of rain water management on wheat crop by different land shaping methods. The highest grain yields obtained in 1989/90, 1990/91, 1992/93 and 1994/95 were respectively 2284.9 kg/ha,  2866.1 kg/ha, 3072.6 kg/ha and 1606.3 kg/ha, which were given by broad casting the seed in leveled plot in three consecutive years but in 1994/95, it was by small pit construction. Grain yield values in all the years showed in-significant results by analysis of variance.  However, analysis of variance of grain yields combined over 2 years {1989/90 and 1990/91) revealed that the treatments were different significantly at 5% level.

The experiments were carried out at Khumaltar during 1989/90, 1990/91, 1991/92, 1992/93 and  1994/95 to study the effect of rain water management on wheat crop by different land shaping methods. The highest grain yields obtained in 1989/90, 1990/91, 1992/93 and 1994/95 were respectively 2284.9 kg/ha,  2866.1 kg/ha, 3072.6 kg/ha and 1606.3 kg/ha, which were given by broad casting the seed in leveled plot in three consecutive years but in 1994/95, it was by small pit construction. Grain yield values in all the years showed in-significant results by analysis of variance.  However, analysis of variance of grain yields combined over 2 years {1989/90 and 1990/91) revealed that the treatments were different significantly at 5% level.

Performance of different tillage implements was studied for zero tillage wheat cultivation at RARS, Nepalgunj in 1990/91, 1991/92 and 1992/93. Highest yields of 2.23 t/ha, 1.68 t/ha and 1.38 t/ha were obtained by (tractor drawn seeding + planking), (line sowing by kutto (hand hoe) + planking) and (local bullock drawn plough fitted with hopper + planking) respectively. Grain yield values showed highly significant difference in 1990/91 and 1992/93, whereas it showed non-significant difference in 1991/92. Analysis of variance of grain yields combined .over 1990/91 and 1991/92 showed that the interaction of treatment and year was significant at 1% level whereas the treatments alone showed non-significant result. Analysis of the same combined over 3 years could not be performed because errors were heterogeneous.

Performance of different tillage implements was studied for zero tillage wheat cultivation at RARS, Nepalgunj in 1990/91, 1991/92 and 1992/93. Highest yields of 2.23 t/ha, 1.68 t/ha and 1.38 t/ha were obtained by (tractor drawn seeding + planking), (line sowing by kutto (hand hoe) + planking) and (local bullock drawn plough fitted with hopper + planking) respectively. Grain yield values showed highly significant difference in 1990/91 and 1992/93, whereas it showed non-significant difference in 1991/92. Analysis of variance of grain yields combined .over 1990/91 and 1991/92 showed that the interaction of treatment and year was significant at 1% level whereas the treatments alone showed non-significant result. Analysis of the same combined over 3 years could not be performed because errors were heterogeneous.

The study was conducted at RARS, Bhairahawa during 1993/94 and 1994/95. Sub-surface drainage methods used were gravel + sand, bamboo, polythene pipe and no drainage. For the years, the average highest and lowest grain yields of 2.035 and 1.895 t/ha were obtained by polythene pipe and no drainage, respectively. The average highest volume of water drainedout was 96.03 lit/min/ha obtained with polythene pipe. In both the years, a trend of deeper water table was found with polythene pipe treatment.

The study was conducted at RARS, Bhairahawa during 1993/94 and 1994/95. Sub-surface drainage methods used were gravel + sand, bamboo, polythene pipe and no drainage. For the years, the average highest and lowest grain yields of 2.035 and 1.895 t/ha were obtained by polythene pipe and no drainage, respectively. The average highest volume of water drainedout was 96.03 lit/min/ha obtained with polythene pipe. In both the years, a trend of deeper water table was found with polythene pipe treatment.

Five varieties/lines of wheat namely NL 683, BL 1473, BL 1496,UP 262 and RR 21 were sent to different Agricultural Research Centers and Agricultural Development agencies  to be tested in 92 farmers fields of Terai, Tar  and lower valleys of the country. The grain yield of the farmer four lines were compared to the grain yield of the later two released check varieties on the basis of 73 reported FFTs……………………….

Five varieties/lines of wheat namely NL 683, BL 1473, BL 1496,UP 262 and RR 21 were sent to different Agricultural Research Centers and Agricultural Development agencies  to be tested in 92 farmers fields of Terai, Tar  and lower valleys of the country. The grain yield of the farmer four lines were compared to the grain yield of the later two released check varieties on the basis of 73 reported FFTs……………………….

Wheat crop is a prominent winter crop. It is grown in Rice- Wheat sequence. Around 70 percent of rice area is under rainfed lowland condition where 31 percent of rice area is left fallow during winter due to excess soil moisture. Hence, such fields are either planted very late or remain fallow after rice. Research conducted at RARS, Bhairahawa and in the farmers fields revealed successful and timely wheat cultivation under such conditions as surf ace seeded wheat produced comparative grain yields, maximum net benefit, and dominated the other treatments. Recommended fertilizers out yielded farmers' fertilizer dose where more net benefit and marginal rate of return are observed.

Wheat crop is a prominent winter crop. It is grown in Rice- Wheat sequence. Around 70 percent of rice area is under rainfed lowland condition where 31 percent of rice area is left fallow during winter due to excess soil moisture. Hence, such fields are either planted very late or remain fallow after rice. Research conducted at RARS, Bhairahawa and in the farmers fields revealed successful and timely wheat cultivation under such conditions as surf ace seeded wheat produced comparative grain yields, maximum net benefit, and dominated the other treatments. Recommended fertilizers out yielded farmers' fertilizer dose where more net benefit and marginal rate of return are observed.

Outreach Research (OR) site Bankatti represents both irrigated lower and middle wet land condition. Based on the prioritized problems, alternative planting method and different fertilizer doses were used at OR Bankatti. In wheat establishment methods under lower wet land, relaying of wheat with recommended fertilizer does found significantly superior to other methods.

Outreach Research (OR) site Bankatti represents both irrigated lower and middle wet land condition. Based on the prioritized problems, alternative planting method and different fertilizer doses were used at OR Bankatti. In wheat establishment methods under lower wet land, relaying of wheat with recommended fertilizer does found significantly superior to other methods.

Bankatti, one of the three outreach research (OR) sites in the command area of Regional Agriculture Research Station (RARS), Bhairahawa, represents both irrigated middle and lower wetland conditions. Total of eight different OR activities were conducted in the winter season of 1994195 at Bankatti. Statistical analysis on grain yield of all the varietal trials (FFVTs, PPVT) showed non significant result among the tested genotypes. In timely sown varietal trial BL 1496 produced highest grain yield of 3750 kg per ha, followed by BL 1473 (3394 kg/ha). NL 683 and Nepal 297 showed better performance (1919 and 1890 kg/ha) in late sowing condition. Similarly in PPVT BL 1473 and NL 683 were at par considering grain yield (3540 and 3505 kg/ha respectively). Latest released variety Bhrikuti showed better performance and most of the farmers liked it for its high grain yield (3261 kg/ha), attractive heads and uniform vegetative growth in wheat minikit study.

Bankatti, one of the three outreach research (OR) sites in the command area of Regional Agriculture Research Station (RARS), Bhairahawa, represents both irrigated middle and lower wetland conditions. Total of eight different OR activities were conducted in the winter season of 1994195 at Bankatti. Statistical analysis on grain yield of all the varietal trials (FFVTs, PPVT) showed non significant result among the tested genotypes. In timely sown varietal trial BL 1496 produced highest grain yield of 3750 kg per ha, followed by BL 1473 (3394 kg/ha). NL 683 and Nepal 297 showed better performance (1919 and 1890 kg/ha) in late sowing condition. Similarly in PPVT BL 1473 and NL 683 were at par considering grain yield (3540 and 3505 kg/ha respectively). Latest released variety Bhrikuti showed better performance and most of the farmers liked it for its high grain yield (3261 kg/ha), attractive heads and uniform vegetative growth in wheat minikit study.

The trials were conducted mainly on wheat crops. Three type of wheat lentil trials were conducted under rainfed middle wet land condition during winter season 1994195. One experiments of Farmers field varietal trial (FFVT), one experiment of pre-production verification trial and one experiment of minikit on wheat crop were conducted in Sanda OR site of RARS Bhairahawa. The major finding of the experiments were:………………..

The trials were conducted mainly on wheat crops. Three type of wheat lentil trials were conducted under rainfed middle wet land condition during winter season 1994195. One experiments of Farmers field varietal trial (FFVT), one experiment of pre-production verification trial and one experiment of minikit on wheat crop were conducted in Sanda OR site of RARS Bhairahawa. The major finding of the experiments were:………………..

Summary results of outreach programme conducted on wheat at different ORIOSR sites from 1992-1994 are presented below. The main findings are:…………

Summary results of outreach programme conducted on wheat at different ORIOSR sites from 1992-1994 are presented below. The main findings are:…………

Foliar blight (HLB) is a member one wheat disease in Terai belt of Nepal. An experiment was conducted at farmers field of RARS Bhairahawa at OR site Bankatti, indicated that 16.19 percent wheat grain yield loss was found in UP 262.

Foliar blight (HLB) is a member one wheat disease in Terai belt of Nepal. An experiment was conducted at farmers field of RARS Bhairahawa at OR site Bankatti, indicated that 16.19 percent wheat grain yield loss was found in UP 262.

Seven different experiments (CVT,JUSV,AVT, Variety cum Seed  Rate  Trial,  WVD, NDN and FFT) were conducted at Agriculture Research Station, Jumla dring 1994/95. With the objective to select high yielding promising cultivate for high hills the  superior genotypes were selected based on yield potential, earliness , disease resistant and other agronomic characters. Some of the important findings are as follows………………

Seven different experiments (CVT,JUSV,AVT, Variety cum Seed  Rate  Trial,  WVD, NDN and FFT) were conducted at Agriculture Research Station, Jumla dring 1994/95. With the objective to select high yielding promising cultivate for high hills the  superior genotypes were selected based on yield potential, earliness , disease resistant and other agronomic characters. Some of the important findings are as follows………………