Leaf rust ( caused  by Puccinia  hordei)  and  stripe/yellow  rust ( caused  by  P.  striformis  fsp. hordei  and P.  striformis fsp.  tritici)  are  the  major problem for  barley  cultivation in Nepal. Durable   resistant  variety   of the  barley   is  highly   important  for  this   country.  Barley  rust resistance  is   controlled  by   many   major   genes   and   quantitative  trait   loci   (QTLs)    and pyramiding  these  genes   into  varieties   is  the  most  important  barley   breeding  strategies  in Nepal.   Molecular  marker   assisted  breeding  (MAB)   is   the   only   option  for  this.   Marker assisted  screening  is  the primary stage  to initiate  the MAB.  One  hundred and nine  Nepalese barley  accessions were  screened  using  six  and  eleven  SSR  markers linked  to  leaf rust and stripe  rust  resistance genes  respectively.  Bonus  and  Local  Jau  was  used  as the resistant and susceptible  check  respectively.  Leaf rust resistance gene  Rphl,  Rph2,  Rph3, Rph7,  QBLR-P and QTL on 5HS was  detected on Nepalese barley  accessions using  respective SSR  markers. Similarly,  stripe  rust resistance genes  QTL  on  lH,  QTL5  on  lH,  QTL  on 4H,  QTL  on  SH, QTL on 6H, QTL on 7H, YrpstYl  and Rpsx  were  detected.  Eight Nepalese barley  accessions showed  presence of three  and more  leaf rust resistant genes  and twenty-five Nepalese barley accessions have  three  and  more  stripe rust resistance  genes.  Poor  relationship  between rust resistance gene  and  field  disease  may  be  due  to  the  less  relationship  between   the  pathogen type  on  field  and  rust  resistance  genes   detected  using   SSR  markers   on  Nepalese  barley germplasm.

Leaf rust ( caused  by Puccinia  hordei)  and  stripe/yellow  rust ( caused  by  P.  striformis  fsp. hordei  and P.  striformis fsp.  tritici)  are  the  major problem for  barley  cultivation in Nepal. Durable   resistant  variety   of the  barley   is  highly   important  for  this   country.  Barley  rust resistance  is   controlled  by   many   major   genes   and   quantitative  trait   loci   (QTLs)    and pyramiding  these  genes   into  varieties   is  the  most  important  barley   breeding  strategies  in Nepal.   Molecular  marker   assisted  breeding  (MAB)   is   the   only   option  for  this.   Marker assisted  screening  is  the primary stage  to initiate  the MAB.  One  hundred and nine  Nepalese barley  accessions were  screened  using  six  and  eleven  SSR  markers linked  to  leaf rust and stripe  rust  resistance genes  respectively.  Bonus  and  Local  Jau  was  used  as the resistant and susceptible  check  respectively.  Leaf rust resistance gene  Rphl,  Rph2,  Rph3, Rph7,  QBLR-P and QTL on 5HS was  detected on Nepalese barley  accessions using  respective SSR  markers. Similarly,  stripe  rust resistance genes  QTL  on  lH,  QTL5  on  lH,  QTL  on 4H,  QTL  on  SH, QTL on 6H, QTL on 7H, YrpstYl  and Rpsx  were  detected.  Eight Nepalese barley  accessions showed  presence of three  and more  leaf rust resistant genes  and twenty-five Nepalese barley accessions have  three  and  more  stripe rust resistance  genes.  Poor  relationship  between rust resistance gene  and  field  disease  may  be  due  to  the  less  relationship  between   the  pathogen type  on  field  and  rust  resistance  genes   detected  using   SSR  markers   on  Nepalese  barley germplasm.