Rice  is   the  principle  food  crop  of  Nepal.   Similarly,  barley   is   another  important  crop  in mountain  areas  of  the  Nepal.   Increased  yield  productivity  and yield  stability  of  these  two crops  are  always  challenging  in  context  of the  unpredictable climate   change.  Nepal   always lacks  suitable  cultivars  in  these crops  which  can challenge  the biotic  and abiotic threats  from the   climate   change.   Blast  and   bacterial  blight   resistant  and   submergence   tolerant   rice varieties;   and  leaf  rust  and  stripe  rust  resistant  barley   varieties   are  highly   demanding  in Nepalese  fanning  community.   Nepalese  rice  and   barley  landraces   have   many   important genes  for biotic  and abiotic  stress  resistance.  Therefore, we used  144 rice  accessions for blast and bacterial  leaf blight (BLB)  resistance in rice,  313  rice accessions for flash  flood  tolerance and  241  barley  accessions for  leaf and  yellow/stripe rust resistance characteristics  for agro morphological  and  physiological  screening  during   2011/12  in  Nepal   Agriculture  Research Council  Farm  Khumaltar,  Lalitpur.  Similarly,  we  have  used 92 rice  accessions for blast and 94 accessions  for BLB  resistance in  rice,  46  accessions for flash  flood  tolerance in  rice  and 109  accessions  for  leaf  and yellow/stripe rust resistance  in  barley  for  molecular screening based  on their  morphological  and  physiological  screening.  We  have  used  six  microsatellite (SSR)  markers  for leaf rust and  11  SSR  markers  for stripe  rust  resistance in  barley,   12  SSR markers  for Blast and  eight  SSR  markers  for BLB  resistance in  rice  and  eight  SSR  markers for flash  flood  tolerance  characteristics  in  rice.  Blast resistant genes  Pi-54,  Pi-y2(t), Pi-d(t)l, Pi-z,  Pi-a,  Pi-k,  Pi-yl(t),  Pi-44, Pi-b,  Pi-g(t),  Pi-29,  Pi-11,  Pi-ta and  Pi20(t)  were  detected among Nepalese rice gene pool.  Similarly,  BLB resistance genes  Xa-10, Xa-13, Xa-7,  Xa-10, Xa-3, Xa-4,  Xa-5,  Xa-8  were  detected.  Presence  of  SublA-1   and  SNORKEL  genes  also found  in Nepalese rice landraces.  Leaf rust resistance gene Rphl,  Rph2, Rph3, Rph7,  QBLR• p and QTL  on 5HS  was  detected on Nepalese barley  accessions.  Similarly,  barley  stripe  rust resistance genes  QTL  on  1  H, QTL5  on  lH, QTL  on 4H,  QTL  on  SH,  QTL  on 6H,  QTL  on 7H,  YrpstYl   and  Rpsx   were   also  detected.   This   output  is   highly   important  for  use  of Nepalese rice and barley  germplasm as donor parents for marker  assisted breeding programs.

Rice  is   the  principle  food  crop  of  Nepal.   Similarly,  barley   is   another  important  crop  in mountain  areas  of  the  Nepal.   Increased  yield  productivity  and yield  stability  of  these  two crops  are  always  challenging  in  context  of the  unpredictable climate   change.  Nepal   always lacks  suitable  cultivars  in  these crops  which  can challenge  the biotic  and abiotic threats  from the   climate   change.   Blast  and   bacterial  blight   resistant  and   submergence   tolerant   rice varieties;   and  leaf  rust  and  stripe  rust  resistant  barley   varieties   are  highly   demanding  in Nepalese  fanning  community.   Nepalese  rice  and   barley  landraces   have   many   important genes  for biotic  and abiotic  stress  resistance.  Therefore, we used  144 rice  accessions for blast and bacterial  leaf blight (BLB)  resistance in rice,  313  rice accessions for flash  flood  tolerance and  241  barley  accessions for  leaf and  yellow/stripe rust resistance characteristics  for agro morphological  and  physiological  screening  during   2011/12  in  Nepal   Agriculture  Research Council  Farm  Khumaltar,  Lalitpur.  Similarly,  we  have  used 92 rice  accessions for blast and 94 accessions  for BLB  resistance in  rice,  46  accessions for flash  flood  tolerance in  rice  and 109  accessions  for  leaf  and yellow/stripe rust resistance  in  barley  for  molecular screening based  on their  morphological  and  physiological  screening.  We  have  used  six  microsatellite (SSR)  markers  for leaf rust and  11  SSR  markers  for stripe  rust  resistance in  barley,   12  SSR markers  for Blast and  eight  SSR  markers  for BLB  resistance in  rice  and  eight  SSR  markers for flash  flood  tolerance  characteristics  in  rice.  Blast resistant genes  Pi-54,  Pi-y2(t), Pi-d(t)l, Pi-z,  Pi-a,  Pi-k,  Pi-yl(t),  Pi-44, Pi-b,  Pi-g(t),  Pi-29,  Pi-11,  Pi-ta and  Pi20(t)  were  detected among Nepalese rice gene pool.  Similarly,  BLB resistance genes  Xa-10, Xa-13, Xa-7,  Xa-10, Xa-3, Xa-4,  Xa-5,  Xa-8  were  detected.  Presence  of  SublA-1   and  SNORKEL  genes  also found  in Nepalese rice landraces.  Leaf rust resistance gene Rphl,  Rph2, Rph3, Rph7,  QBLR• p and QTL  on 5HS  was  detected on Nepalese barley  accessions.  Similarly,  barley  stripe  rust resistance genes  QTL  on  1  H, QTL5  on  lH, QTL  on 4H,  QTL  on  SH,  QTL  on 6H,  QTL  on 7H,  YrpstYl   and  Rpsx   were   also  detected.   This   output  is   highly   important  for  use  of Nepalese rice and barley  germplasm as donor parents for marker  assisted breeding programs.