Studies were conducted in Dhankuta district/a find the real situation of citrus nursery business in the
district during March-April, 2012. During the studies, jive n~~rseries were selected and similar sets of
questionnaires were prepared and given to fill to the nursery owners. Direct field observation,
measurement, personnel communication and secondary data were used during the study. From the
study it was revealed that 11 nurseries were producing saplings in Dlwnkuta, out of which six
nurseries were legally operated Most of them were producing grafted saplings while others producing
both grafted sapling and seedling. All the nurseries werefozmd to be located above 1000 meter above
mean sea level. The shoot-tip metl?od of grafting was found to be the most common method of grafting
onto trifoliate orange seedling rootstock at ve1y low height ranging from 6 em to 15 cm due to the poor
growth of the seedling. Most of the nurseries were maintaining the mother stock inside the screen
house but scions were taken from the open field mother plant. Major problems of(aising mother slock
inside I he screen house were high occurrence of citrus scales, aphids, white flies and sooty mould. The
age of sapling during selling time was found to be 6 month in most of the nurseries indicating high
demand of the sapling. Hardly, some saplings remained for the next year to sell. The income of the
citrus nurseries ranged from NRs. 300,000 to 660,575 per annum. Leaf miner, scale insect, lemon dog.
twig borers were the important insect pests while damping-off, powdery mildew, root rot, sooty mold
and twig blight were the major diseases of/he nurseries.

Studies were conducted in Dhankuta district/a find the real situation of citrus nursery business in the
district during March-April, 2012. During the studies, jive n~~rseries were selected and similar sets of
questionnaires were prepared and given to fill to the nursery owners. Direct field observation,
measurement, personnel communication and secondary data were used during the study. From the
study it was revealed that 11 nurseries were producing saplings in Dlwnkuta, out of which six
nurseries were legally operated Most of them were producing grafted saplings while others producing
both grafted sapling and seedling. All the nurseries werefozmd to be located above 1000 meter above
mean sea level. The shoot-tip metl?od of grafting was found to be the most common method of grafting
onto trifoliate orange seedling rootstock at ve1y low height ranging from 6 em to 15 cm due to the poor
growth of the seedling. Most of the nurseries were maintaining the mother stock inside the screen
house but scions were taken from the open field mother plant. Major problems of(aising mother slock
inside I he screen house were high occurrence of citrus scales, aphids, white flies and sooty mould. The
age of sapling during selling time was found to be 6 month in most of the nurseries indicating high
demand of the sapling. Hardly, some saplings remained for the next year to sell. The income of the
citrus nurseries ranged from NRs. 300,000 to 660,575 per annum. Leaf miner, scale insect, lemon dog.
twig borers were the important insect pests while damping-off, powdery mildew, root rot, sooty mold
and twig blight were the major diseases of/he nurseries.

Kiwifruit is a .Perennial deciduous vine plant. Actinidia deliciosa and A. chinensis are the two
cultivated species of kiwifruit. Although kiwifruit was originated in China its commercial cultivation
was started in New Zealand from I930s. From 1960s kiwifruit cultivqtion spread to other countries of
the world where suitable climate is available. Several varieties of kiwifruit were introduced in Nepal
during I990s by International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development Centre (ICIMOD) and
other individuals. In recent years, popularity of this crop has been increasing among the growers of
Nepal. But research based information about type of varieties and their suitability in the agro-climatic
condition of Nepal is not available. Therefore, this study was carried out to examine the fruit
characteristics of khvifruit varieties available in Nepal and select the suitable ones for commercial
production. Location of different varieties was identified through survey and individual contact.
During harvesting season of 20I 0 and 20I I fruit samples were collected and characterized following
the Test Guidelines for Actinidia developed by International Union for the Protection of New varieties
of Plants. Hayward, Bruno, Monty, Abbot and Allison are female varieties of A. delicious available in
Nepal. Two variants of Hayward variety- round and oblong fruits and one unknown variety were also
found in ICIMOD farm. Single variety of A. chinensis, Soyou, was found being grown in Nepal. Soyou
had red stripe on its pulp while all other varieties had light green flesh. The varieties varied in fruit
shape, size, length, width, shape of stylar end, shape of shoulder, hairiness on the fruit and maturity
time. Based on maturity time, fn1it size and shape Soyou, Bruno and Hayward (round) were
selected for early (second week of September), mid (first week of December) and late (second week of"
December) season harvesting.

Kiwifruit is a .Perennial deciduous vine plant. Actinidia deliciosa and A. chinensis are the two
cultivated species of kiwifruit. Although kiwifruit was originated in China its commercial cultivation
was started in New Zealand from I930s. From 1960s kiwifruit cultivqtion spread to other countries of
the world where suitable climate is available. Several varieties of kiwifruit were introduced in Nepal
during I990s by International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development Centre (ICIMOD) and
other individuals. In recent years, popularity of this crop has been increasing among the growers of
Nepal. But research based information about type of varieties and their suitability in the agro-climatic
condition of Nepal is not available. Therefore, this study was carried out to examine the fruit
characteristics of khvifruit varieties available in Nepal and select the suitable ones for commercial
production. Location of different varieties was identified through survey and individual contact.
During harvesting season of 20I 0 and 20I I fruit samples were collected and characterized following
the Test Guidelines for Actinidia developed by International Union for the Protection of New varieties
of Plants. Hayward, Bruno, Monty, Abbot and Allison are female varieties of A. delicious available in
Nepal. Two variants of Hayward variety- round and oblong fruits and one unknown variety were also
found in ICIMOD farm. Single variety of A. chinensis, Soyou, was found being grown in Nepal. Soyou
had red stripe on its pulp while all other varieties had light green flesh. The varieties varied in fruit
shape, size, length, width, shape of stylar end, shape of shoulder, hairiness on the fruit and maturity
time. Based on maturity time, fn1it size and shape Soyou, Bruno and Hayward (round) were
selected for early (second week of September), mid (first week of December) and late (second week of"
December) season harvesting.

Mango Stem Borer (Batocera rufomaculata Dejan) is a major insect pest of mango in Eastern Terai of
Nepal, mainly Saptari, Sirafza, Sunsari, Morang and Udaipur district. An experiment was carried out
during 2010 and 2011 for management of mango stem borer at Regional Agricultural Research Station
(RARS), Tarahara in Completely Randomized Design with eight treatments in four replications.
Among eight treatments, lmidacloprid 17.8% SL, Thiamethoxame 25% WG and Trizophos 40% SL
performed the best in management of mango stem borer. For the verification of on station result, onfarm
experiment was carried out at Rzpnagar, Bastipur, and Saptari during 2011 and 2012 including
five promising treatments in four replications. Among the treatments, lmidacloprid 17.8% SL and
Thiamethoxame 25% WG were effective for management of mango stem borer.

Mango Stem Borer (Batocera rufomaculata Dejan) is a major insect pest of mango in Eastern Terai of
Nepal, mainly Saptari, Sirafza, Sunsari, Morang and Udaipur district. An experiment was carried out
during 2010 and 2011 for management of mango stem borer at Regional Agricultural Research Station
(RARS), Tarahara in Completely Randomized Design with eight treatments in four replications.
Among eight treatments, lmidacloprid 17.8% SL, Thiamethoxame 25% WG and Trizophos 40% SL
performed the best in management of mango stem borer. For the verification of on station result, onfarm
experiment was carried out at Rzpnagar, Bastipur, and Saptari during 2011 and 2012 including
five promising treatments in four replications. Among the treatments, lmidacloprid 17.8% SL and
Thiamethoxame 25% WG were effective for management of mango stem borer.

Large Cardamom (Amomum subulatum Roxb.) is a major cash generating spice crop of Nepal, mainly
confined to the eastern hills of Nepal. Fourteen large cardamom samples collected from Taplejung,
Panchthar and Jlam Districts of Nepal during 2012 were used to evaluate genetic diversity using
RAPD markers. Total of fifty one decamer primers (Operon series) were initially used for the
experiment but only eighteen primers were selected based on nature of polym01phic and
reproducibility for the analysis. Out of 133 loci generated 97.74 % were found to be polymorphic with
number of alleles 1.977±0.013 and number of effective alleles1.409±0.024. Considering a single
population Nei 's genetic diversity over all loci generated was found to be 0.263±0. OJ 2 with Shannon's
information· index 0.416. On UPGMA clustering, two main clusters were obse1,ed that clearly
separate wild cultivars (Churumpha) from commercially grown cultivars. The RAPD markers showed
sufficient polymorphism for genotype discrimination and experimental reproducibility. Incorporation
of molecular approaches over conventional method of genetic diversity assessment is. very much
effective in pinpointing the potential genetic diversity for cardamom improvement.

Large Cardamom (Amomum subulatum Roxb.) is a major cash generating spice crop of Nepal, mainly
confined to the eastern hills of Nepal. Fourteen large cardamom samples collected from Taplejung,
Panchthar and Jlam Districts of Nepal during 2012 were used to evaluate genetic diversity using
RAPD markers. Total of fifty one decamer primers (Operon series) were initially used for the
experiment but only eighteen primers were selected based on nature of polym01phic and
reproducibility for the analysis. Out of 133 loci generated 97.74 % were found to be polymorphic with
number of alleles 1.977±0.013 and number of effective alleles1.409±0.024. Considering a single
population Nei 's genetic diversity over all loci generated was found to be 0.263±0. OJ 2 with Shannon's
information· index 0.416. On UPGMA clustering, two main clusters were obse1,ed that clearly
separate wild cultivars (Churumpha) from commercially grown cultivars. The RAPD markers showed
sufficient polymorphism for genotype discrimination and experimental reproducibility. Incorporation
of molecular approaches over conventional method of genetic diversity assessment is. very much
effective in pinpointing the potential genetic diversity for cardamom improvement.

Effectiveness of four botanicals and four chemical insecticides for the control of Diamond back moth
(Plutella xylostella L.), Cabbage butterfly (Pieris brassicae L.) and Cabbage aphid (Brevicoryne
brassicae) on March-May cauliflower w~s evaluated at ARS, Pakhribas (1750 masl) during 2011 and
2012. Plants of" Snow Crown" variety of cauliflower were sprayed twice fortnightly after 20 days of
planting in the main field with Commercial azadirachtin formulation (0.003 %), Aqueous Melia
azedarach leaf extract, Aqueous tobacco extract + soap, Aqueous solution of Acorus calamus rhizome
powder, Cypermethrin 0.025%, Malathion 0.05%, Endosulfan 0.15% and Dichlorvos 0.075%. Each
treatment was replicated four times along with control. Pest. scoring was done twice after spraying.
Endosulfan 0.15%, Malathion 0.05% and Aqueous tobacco extract + soap were found superior among
all the insecticides to control the Diamond back moth. All four chemical insecticides including
Commercial azadirachtin formulation (0.003 %) and Aqueous tobacco extract + soap were equally
effective in controlling Cabbage butterfly. Aqueous Melia azedarach leaf extract was found ineffective
to control both Diamond back moth and Cabbage butterfly during both years. All the botanicals as well
as chemical insecticides were significantly effective in reducing Cabbage aphid population; however,
Endosulfan 0.15% and Aqueous tobacco extract+ soap were superior. Endosulfan treated plots yielded
the highest biomass of more than 22.25 kg in both the years.

Effectiveness of four botanicals and four chemical insecticides for the control of Diamond back moth
(Plutella xylostella L.), Cabbage butterfly (Pieris brassicae L.) and Cabbage aphid (Brevicoryne
brassicae) on March-May cauliflower w~s evaluated at ARS, Pakhribas (1750 masl) during 2011 and
2012. Plants of" Snow Crown" variety of cauliflower were sprayed twice fortnightly after 20 days of
planting in the main field with Commercial azadirachtin formulation (0.003 %), Aqueous Melia
azedarach leaf extract, Aqueous tobacco extract + soap, Aqueous solution of Acorus calamus rhizome
powder, Cypermethrin 0.025%, Malathion 0.05%, Endosulfan 0.15% and Dichlorvos 0.075%. Each
treatment was replicated four times along with control. Pest. scoring was done twice after spraying.
Endosulfan 0.15%, Malathion 0.05% and Aqueous tobacco extract + soap were found superior among
all the insecticides to control the Diamond back moth. All four chemical insecticides including
Commercial azadirachtin formulation (0.003 %) and Aqueous tobacco extract + soap were equally
effective in controlling Cabbage butterfly. Aqueous Melia azedarach leaf extract was found ineffective
to control both Diamond back moth and Cabbage butterfly during both years. All the botanicals as well
as chemical insecticides were significantly effective in reducing Cabbage aphid population; however,
Endosulfan 0.15% and Aqueous tobacco extract+ soap were superior. Endosulfan treated plots yielded
the highest biomass of more than 22.25 kg in both the years.

Three bush-type French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) genotypes (Arka Kamal, Arka Suvidha and
Mallika). were sown in different three dates i.e., August I 6, 31 and September I 5 during autumn
seasons of 20IO and 20I I at the Agriculture Research Station, Malepatan, Pokhara (848 msl) to
assess the fresh pod yield and yield attributes of the genotypes in different sowing dates. The
experiment was conducted in randomized complete block design with three replications. The
temperature ranged from 14° to 32°C during the growth period The results showed significant
variations in fresh pod yield and yield attributes. Flowering was earliest in Arka Kamal where 50%
plants flowered within 32.83 days while it took more than 35.70 days for Mallika. Tallest plants
were produced by Arka Kamal (33.93 em) and shortest by Mallika (31.08 em). The pod length was
highest (I2.67 em) in Arka Suvidha and the lowest in Ma/lika (9.31 em). Pod width was highest in
Arka Kamal (IO. 79 min) and the lowest in Mallika (9.3I mm). Number of branches, nodes/plant and
flower buds/inflorescence were recorded highest inArka Kamal at 7.43, 27.04 and 5.12 respectively.
Highest fresh pod yield was produced by Arka Suvidha (1 0. 75 t/ha) followed by Arka Kamal (1 0.17
t/ha) and the lowest by Mallika (6.88 t/ha). Sowing date also showed significant effect an yield and
yield attributes. Sowing on I6 August showed better results in early flowering (33.1 1 days), tallest
plants (35.99 em), longest pods (12.56 em) and widest pods (11.25 mm). Highest number of
branches, nodes/plant and flower buds/inflorescence were recorded in 16 August sown condition at
7.40, 27.8I and 5.26 respectively. The highest fresh pod yield (I 1.I6 t/ha) was recorded in 16
August sowing followed by 3I August (10.I9 t/ha) and the lowest (6.45 t/ha) in 15 September sawn
condition. Arka Suvidha sown on I 6 August produced the highest fresh pod yield with an average of
13.08 t/ha. The result revealed that Arka Suvidha is the best genotype and mid August is the
appropriate sowing time for higher fresh pod yield of French bean in the mid hills of western Nepal.

Three bush-type French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) genotypes (Arka Kamal, Arka Suvidha and
Mallika). were sown in different three dates i.e., August I 6, 31 and September I 5 during autumn
seasons of 20IO and 20I I at the Agriculture Research Station, Malepatan, Pokhara (848 msl) to
assess the fresh pod yield and yield attributes of the genotypes in different sowing dates. The
experiment was conducted in randomized complete block design with three replications. The
temperature ranged from 14° to 32°C during the growth period The results showed significant
variations in fresh pod yield and yield attributes. Flowering was earliest in Arka Kamal where 50%
plants flowered within 32.83 days while it took more than 35.70 days for Mallika. Tallest plants
were produced by Arka Kamal (33.93 em) and shortest by Mallika (31.08 em). The pod length was
highest (I2.67 em) in Arka Suvidha and the lowest in Ma/lika (9.31 em). Pod width was highest in
Arka Kamal (IO. 79 min) and the lowest in Mallika (9.3I mm). Number of branches, nodes/plant and
flower buds/inflorescence were recorded highest inArka Kamal at 7.43, 27.04 and 5.12 respectively.
Highest fresh pod yield was produced by Arka Suvidha (1 0. 75 t/ha) followed by Arka Kamal (1 0.17
t/ha) and the lowest by Mallika (6.88 t/ha). Sowing date also showed significant effect an yield and
yield attributes. Sowing on I6 August showed better results in early flowering (33.1 1 days), tallest
plants (35.99 em), longest pods (12.56 em) and widest pods (11.25 mm). Highest number of
branches, nodes/plant and flower buds/inflorescence were recorded in 16 August sown condition at
7.40, 27.8I and 5.26 respectively. The highest fresh pod yield (I 1.I6 t/ha) was recorded in 16
August sowing followed by 3I August (10.I9 t/ha) and the lowest (6.45 t/ha) in 15 September sawn
condition. Arka Suvidha sown on I 6 August produced the highest fresh pod yield with an average of
13.08 t/ha. The result revealed that Arka Suvidha is the best genotype and mid August is the
appropriate sowing time for higher fresh pod yield of French bean in the mid hills of western Nepal.

Pepper (Capsicum annuum L and C. fruitescens L.) is an important high value crop grown for
vegetable and for spice purposes. Phytophthora blight caused by Phytophthora capsid Leoni an is a
serious disease of pepper causing foliar blight, fruit rot and crown/root rot phases. Crown/root rot
phase is the most devastating phase of the disease. Experiments were conducted with the objective to
find resistant/tolerant varieties against phytophthora blight disease. Seedling evaluations were carried
out in inoculated conditions under screenhouse during 2007-2009. inoculum of zoospore suspension of
1oM spore/ml was used at the rate of 25 ml per plant at 5 week old stage of seedling. Based on the
terminal disease incidence (5-7 weeks after inoculation), NS 1701, Chandani, Tara, Angarika and
Premium were found resistant in seedling assay. During 2010 and 20/1, on-farm evaluation .of
selected genotypes (1 1-1 3) was carried out in the farmers' field with the history of Phytophthora blight
in chilli pepper. The experiment was conducted in hVo replications each with 16 plants. NS 1701, Tara,
Angarika and Chandani were found resistant. Other genotypes NS 214, NS 1101, Go/i and Premium
were moderately resistant. Lesser fruit rot was found in Angarika, NS 1701, Long Wei and Pusa Jwala
compared to other varieties. Those resistant to moderalely resistant genotypes could be used as one of
the tools of integrated disease management ofphytop/lthora blight in disease prone areas to minimize
crop/yield losses.

Pepper (Capsicum annuum L and C. fruitescens L.) is an important high value crop grown for
vegetable and for spice purposes. Phytophthora blight caused by Phytophthora capsid Leoni an is a
serious disease of pepper causing foliar blight, fruit rot and crown/root rot phases. Crown/root rot
phase is the most devastating phase of the disease. Experiments were conducted with the objective to
find resistant/tolerant varieties against phytophthora blight disease. Seedling evaluations were carried
out in inoculated conditions under screenhouse during 2007-2009. inoculum of zoospore suspension of
1oM spore/ml was used at the rate of 25 ml per plant at 5 week old stage of seedling. Based on the
terminal disease incidence (5-7 weeks after inoculation), NS 1701, Chandani, Tara, Angarika and
Premium were found resistant in seedling assay. During 2010 and 20/1, on-farm evaluation .of
selected genotypes (1 1-1 3) was carried out in the farmers' field with the history of Phytophthora blight
in chilli pepper. The experiment was conducted in hVo replications each with 16 plants. NS 1701, Tara,
Angarika and Chandani were found resistant. Other genotypes NS 214, NS 1101, Go/i and Premium
were moderately resistant. Lesser fruit rot was found in Angarika, NS 1701, Long Wei and Pusa Jwala
compared to other varieties. Those resistant to moderalely resistant genotypes could be used as one of
the tools of integrated disease management ofphytop/lthora blight in disease prone areas to minimize
crop/yield losses.

Number of viruses infects cucurbits. In Nepal, Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), Zucchini yellow mosaic
virus (ZYMJI), Watermelon mosaic virus (WMV) 1 and 2, Squash mosaic virus (SqMV) and Cucumber
green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV) are infecting cucurbits. These viruses were identified
serologically by Enzyme Linked Jmmuno Sorbent Assay (ELISA). Among the viruses of cucurbits,
majority are mechanically transmissible in the sap of infected plants. Some are seed-borne such as
CMV, ZYMV. CGMMV and SqMV. Usually more than one virus infect cucurbits at the same time and
cause economic loses. The objective of the experiment was to find suitable methods to minimize viral
diseases of cucurbits. Antiviral products and locally available materials known to have antiviral
properties as Vicfovirus, Bioleafcare, Fresh cow milk, Liposome, Turmeric powder, Jeebatu, Anti-V S
(Natural Plant Virus Control Agent) and Oshin, the insecticide, also were tested to manage viral
diseases of zucchini squash on pots and infield condition. Fresh cow milk, Anti-V S, Liposome and
Victovirus helped to lower virus disease severity up to 6 weeks of diseases observation.

Number of viruses infects cucurbits. In Nepal, Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), Zucchini yellow mosaic
virus (ZYMJI), Watermelon mosaic virus (WMV) 1 and 2, Squash mosaic virus (SqMV) and Cucumber
green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV) are infecting cucurbits. These viruses were identified
serologically by Enzyme Linked Jmmuno Sorbent Assay (ELISA). Among the viruses of cucurbits,
majority are mechanically transmissible in the sap of infected plants. Some are seed-borne such as
CMV, ZYMV. CGMMV and SqMV. Usually more than one virus infect cucurbits at the same time and
cause economic loses. The objective of the experiment was to find suitable methods to minimize viral
diseases of cucurbits. Antiviral products and locally available materials known to have antiviral
properties as Vicfovirus, Bioleafcare, Fresh cow milk, Liposome, Turmeric powder, Jeebatu, Anti-V S
(Natural Plant Virus Control Agent) and Oshin, the insecticide, also were tested to manage viral
diseases of zucchini squash on pots and infield condition. Fresh cow milk, Anti-V S, Liposome and
Victovirus helped to lower virus disease severity up to 6 weeks of diseases observation.

Forty-three advanced potato clones were assessed at RARS PanYanipur Barafor their performance in
three different moisture conditions:.rain-fed (1'1). mulching (1'2) and irrigated (1'3) during the years
2008109 and 2009/10. The experiment was laid out in two factor-factorial designs considering
moisture treatments as factor A and potato clones as B and years considered as the replications. All
intercultural operations were followed as per the recommendations. Clone CJP 388764.26 was found
highly susceptible and CJP 393280.64, MS 35.9, Des x LBr 40-10, BSU P03 and Des x LBr 40-6
highly resistant to late blight disease in rainfed treatment, whereas in mulching, CJP 392242.25 was
·highly sUsceptible and LBr-40, Ca x LBr 40-6 and CJP 393280.64 were resistant. Likewise in irrigated
treatment, Des x LBr 40.6 was highly susceptible and C1P 3871 15.8LB, CJP 389746.2 and Ca x LBr
40.6 were resistant. Average plant vigor was found lowest (7) in rainfed conditions compared to both
of other treatments, but no difference was observed between mulching and irrigated treatments. There
was no treatment effect on average number of main stems per plant,· however irrigated treatment had
higher number of main stems compared to others. Overall number of marketable tubers was counted
more in i"igated treatment followed by mulching and rainfed, respectively, but, no differences in
percentage marketable yield observed In rainfed conditions, CIP 394004.161, CJP 396001.47 and
Desiree produced the highest marketable tuber percentages, whereas in mulching, Kufri Giriraj, C1P
38711 5.8LB and CJP 392256.48 and in i"igated treatment, CJP 395/92.1 were the highest marketable
sized tuber yielder. CJP 388676.1 in rainfed, Kufri Sindhuri in mulching and irrigated treatment
produced the highest number of marketable size tubers. Highest number and percentage of nonmarketable
yields were produced in i"igated conditions followed by mulching. The differences of 2.9
tons per hectare was observed between irrigated and rainfed treatments, whereas only the difference
of 1.4 tohslha was observed between irrigated and mulching treatments among the clones and
moisture conditions tested. Overall performance of the clones CIP 395192.1, C1P 393663.8, CIP
386612.5, CIP 387115.8LB, CJP 397077.16, CJP 393077.159, CJP.394004.161, 'C1P 395192.1; Ca x
LBr 40-7, CJP 396011.47 and CJP 388676./ was better among all the clones tested in all the three
moisture conditions at Parwanipur conditions.

Forty-three advanced potato clones were assessed at RARS PanYanipur Barafor their performance in
three different moisture conditions:.rain-fed (1'1). mulching (1'2) and irrigated (1'3) during the years
2008109 and 2009/10. The experiment was laid out in two factor-factorial designs considering
moisture treatments as factor A and potato clones as B and years considered as the replications. All
intercultural operations were followed as per the recommendations. Clone CJP 388764.26 was found
highly susceptible and CJP 393280.64, MS 35.9, Des x LBr 40-10, BSU P03 and Des x LBr 40-6
highly resistant to late blight disease in rainfed treatment, whereas in mulching, CJP 392242.25 was
·highly sUsceptible and LBr-40, Ca x LBr 40-6 and CJP 393280.64 were resistant. Likewise in irrigated
treatment, Des x LBr 40.6 was highly susceptible and C1P 3871 15.8LB, CJP 389746.2 and Ca x LBr
40.6 were resistant. Average plant vigor was found lowest (7) in rainfed conditions compared to both
of other treatments, but no difference was observed between mulching and irrigated treatments. There
was no treatment effect on average number of main stems per plant,· however irrigated treatment had
higher number of main stems compared to others. Overall number of marketable tubers was counted
more in i"igated treatment followed by mulching and rainfed, respectively, but, no differences in
percentage marketable yield observed In rainfed conditions, CIP 394004.161, CJP 396001.47 and
Desiree produced the highest marketable tuber percentages, whereas in mulching, Kufri Giriraj, C1P
38711 5.8LB and CJP 392256.48 and in i"igated treatment, CJP 395/92.1 were the highest marketable
sized tuber yielder. CJP 388676.1 in rainfed, Kufri Sindhuri in mulching and irrigated treatment
produced the highest number of marketable size tubers. Highest number and percentage of nonmarketable
yields were produced in i"igated conditions followed by mulching. The differences of 2.9
tons per hectare was observed between irrigated and rainfed treatments, whereas only the difference
of 1.4 tohslha was observed between irrigated and mulching treatments among the clones and
moisture conditions tested. Overall performance of the clones CIP 395192.1, C1P 393663.8, CIP
386612.5, CIP 387115.8LB, CJP 397077.16, CJP 393077.159, CJP.394004.161, 'C1P 395192.1; Ca x
LBr 40-7, CJP 396011.47 and CJP 388676./ was better among all the clones tested in all the three
moisture conditions at Parwanipur conditions.

Farmers' participatory multi location field experiments were conducted in 201 Ill 2 with the objectives
of evaluating late blight disease [Phytophthora infestans (Mont) de Barry] resistant and high yielding
potato genotypes. Twenty hvo promising potato genotypes which have been selected through the series
of experiments since 2006, were tested in farmers' fields at Dhikure (Nuwakot), Panvanipur (Bara),
Belachapi (Dhanusa), Sonpur (Dang) and Kimugaun (Dailekh) involving twa to four farmers in each
location. A farmer's field trial ~FF.I') set per farmer, composed af6-15 genotypes, were planted in the
plat size ranging from 3 to 6 m during the respective potato planting season. Potato cultivars Desiree
and Kufri Sindhuri in Bara, Lalgulab in Dhanusa, MS-42.3 and Cardinal in Nuwakat and Tharu Local
in Dang were used as check to compare with test genotypes. Fungicide against any disease was not
sprayed throughout the crop period Late blight severity as foliage damage % was recorc(ed at 70-75
days after planting. Crop was harvested at 90-110 days after planting depending an the location and
farmers decision. Genotype PRP-266264.01 produced the highest tuber yield (46.67tlha)followed by
PRP-266264.15 (41.67 tlha) in Dang, LBr-40 (37.17 t/ha) and CIP-384321.15 (31.83 tlha) in
Nuwakot, PRP-266264.15 (17.9 t/ha) in Dhanusa, PRP-25861.1 (26.37 tlha) and PRP 266264.01
(22.66 t/ha) in Parwanipur, BSUP03 (47.05 t/ha) and PRP-266264.01 (44.33 t/ha) in Dailekh. Tuber
yields of these genotypes were significantly higher as compared to the yields of respective local check
cultivars rangingfram 2.8 to 13.33 tlha.

Farmers' participatory multi location field experiments were conducted in 201 Ill 2 with the objectives
of evaluating late blight disease [Phytophthora infestans (Mont) de Barry] resistant and high yielding
potato genotypes. Twenty hvo promising potato genotypes which have been selected through the series
of experiments since 2006, were tested in farmers' fields at Dhikure (Nuwakot), Panvanipur (Bara),
Belachapi (Dhanusa), Sonpur (Dang) and Kimugaun (Dailekh) involving twa to four farmers in each
location. A farmer's field trial ~FF.I') set per farmer, composed af6-15 genotypes, were planted in the
plat size ranging from 3 to 6 m during the respective potato planting season. Potato cultivars Desiree
and Kufri Sindhuri in Bara, Lalgulab in Dhanusa, MS-42.3 and Cardinal in Nuwakat and Tharu Local
in Dang were used as check to compare with test genotypes. Fungicide against any disease was not
sprayed throughout the crop period Late blight severity as foliage damage % was recorc(ed at 70-75
days after planting. Crop was harvested at 90-110 days after planting depending an the location and
farmers decision. Genotype PRP-266264.01 produced the highest tuber yield (46.67tlha)followed by
PRP-266264.15 (41.67 tlha) in Dang, LBr-40 (37.17 t/ha) and CIP-384321.15 (31.83 tlha) in
Nuwakot, PRP-266264.15 (17.9 t/ha) in Dhanusa, PRP-25861.1 (26.37 tlha) and PRP 266264.01
(22.66 t/ha) in Parwanipur, BSUP03 (47.05 t/ha) and PRP-266264.01 (44.33 t/ha) in Dailekh. Tuber
yields of these genotypes were significantly higher as compared to the yields of respective local check
cultivars rangingfram 2.8 to 13.33 tlha.

On Station experiments were conducted at ARS (Horticulture), Rajikot, Jumla for two consecutive
years (2010/1 I and 201 1112) to identify TPS families for seedling tuber production under Jumla
condition. Eleven TPS families were evaluated in RCBD with 3 replications. The results showed no
significant difference among TPS families in vegetative characters during 2010111 whereas they
differed significantly on yield attributing characters. Number of tubers per plot was the highest
(243.33) in No. 903027 and the lowest (72) in No. 902007. Tuber yield per plot was the highest (3.43
kg) in No. 903027 whereas the lowest (1.22 kg) in No. 988143. All the vegetative characters except
plant height and yield attributing characters were highly significant during 2011/12. The highest
emergence (100 %) was observed in No. 904013, 994014 and 988141 whereas the lowest (47.33%) in
No. 902007. Ground coverage was the highest (98.33%) in 903035, 994013 and 994014 whereas the
lowest (64.33%) in 902007. Number of main stem was observed the highest (3.33) in No. 902007
whereas the lowest {2) in 903027, 903051 and 903135. The highest number of tubers per plot (231.67)
was produced by No. 994014 whereas the lowest by 902007 (87.33). The highest tuber yield per plot
(4.67 kg) was observed in No. 994013 whereas the lowest (1.85 kg) in 902007. The result showed that
the highest tuber yield (3.25 kg/plot) was obtained/rom 994013followed by 903051 (3.24 kg/plot) and
903027 (3.15 kg/plot). Thus, yield potentiality of TPS progenies No. 994013, 903051 and 903027
should further be verified under farmer's field condition in order to draw conclusive results.

On Station experiments were conducted at ARS (Horticulture), Rajikot, Jumla for two consecutive
years (2010/1 I and 201 1112) to identify TPS families for seedling tuber production under Jumla
condition. Eleven TPS families were evaluated in RCBD with 3 replications. The results showed no
significant difference among TPS families in vegetative characters during 2010111 whereas they
differed significantly on yield attributing characters. Number of tubers per plot was the highest
(243.33) in No. 903027 and the lowest (72) in No. 902007. Tuber yield per plot was the highest (3.43
kg) in No. 903027 whereas the lowest (1.22 kg) in No. 988143. All the vegetative characters except
plant height and yield attributing characters were highly significant during 2011/12. The highest
emergence (100 %) was observed in No. 904013, 994014 and 988141 whereas the lowest (47.33%) in
No. 902007. Ground coverage was the highest (98.33%) in 903035, 994013 and 994014 whereas the
lowest (64.33%) in 902007. Number of main stem was observed the highest (3.33) in No. 902007
whereas the lowest {2) in 903027, 903051 and 903135. The highest number of tubers per plot (231.67)
was produced by No. 994014 whereas the lowest by 902007 (87.33). The highest tuber yield per plot
(4.67 kg) was observed in No. 994013 whereas the lowest (1.85 kg) in 902007. The result showed that
the highest tuber yield (3.25 kg/plot) was obtained/rom 994013followed by 903051 (3.24 kg/plot) and
903027 (3.15 kg/plot). Thus, yield potentiality of TPS progenies No. 994013, 903051 and 903027
should further be verified under farmer's field condition in order to draw conclusive results.

The yield evaluation trials were conducted during turmeric growing seasons (summer). 2004 to 2010
comprising local selection cultivars of turmeric over two diverse conditions. both lower altitude (181
mas/) and mid hills (1480 mas/). to assess the high yielding cultivars of turmeric . .Joint regression
analysis model was used to determine stability parameters where in mean rhizome yield of the trails
was used as independent and individual genotype rhizome yield as dependent variables. The cultivar
CJ 9801 was found to be most ideal with greater mean rhizome yield than overall mean (27.83 mt '1'
0
),
statistically unit regression (b= 1.175) and lowest deviation from regression followed by CI 9804
which yielded higher and found to be above overa~e. stable and adapted to poor environments. The
cultivar Cl 0209 recorded top yield (34.05 mt · ') and more specifically adapted to favorable
environments (b=/.313).

The yield evaluation trials were conducted during turmeric growing seasons (summer). 2004 to 2010
comprising local selection cultivars of turmeric over two diverse conditions. both lower altitude (181
mas/) and mid hills (1480 mas/). to assess the high yielding cultivars of turmeric . .Joint regression
analysis model was used to determine stability parameters where in mean rhizome yield of the trails
was used as independent and individual genotype rhizome yield as dependent variables. The cultivar
CJ 9801 was found to be most ideal with greater mean rhizome yield than overall mean (27.83 mt '1'
0
),
statistically unit regression (b= 1.175) and lowest deviation from regression followed by CI 9804
which yielded higher and found to be above overa~e. stable and adapted to poor environments. The
cultivar Cl 0209 recorded top yield (34.05 mt · ') and more specifically adapted to favorable
environments (b=/.313).

A random field survey was conducted from August to September during hVo consecutive ginger
growing seasons in 20/J and2012 in the major ginger growing districts (lllam, Salyan Palpa,
Nawalparasi, Dhankuta, Syanja, Makawanpur, Tanahu and Surkhet) of Nepal. White grub
(Phyllophaga spp.), Ginger shoot borer (Dichocrosis punctiferalis Guen.), Red ant (Dory/us sp),
Termites (Odontotermes sp) and Leafroller (Udaspes folus) pest infestation were found in most of the
surveyed districts. Rhizome rot (Pythium sp) infestation was found associated with rhizome fly
(Calobata sp) in patches in almost all the surveyed districts. Among them white grub and rhizome fly
were found economically important insect pests in ginger.
Monitoring of insect species using Sigma energy saving lamp of 18 watt was conducted at National
Ginger Research Program (.148.0 mas/), Kapurkot, Salyan during 2011112. A total of 27 species of
insect pests collected throui,1 light trap were identified. However, only 6 different insects namely
· Phyllophaga serricolis Hope, Dory/us orienta/is, · Xylotrupes gideon L., Anomala xanthroptera
Blanchard, Areas galactina orienta/is and Nezara viridula L were observed for the population build
up trend. Phyl/ophaga serricolls Hope (38) and Xylotrupes gideon L. (98) showed the highest
occurrence in July where as other insect species during June. During winter season no any occurrence
of insect species were recorded in Kapurkot condition.

A random field survey was conducted from August to September during hVo consecutive ginger
growing seasons in 20/J and2012 in the major ginger growing districts (lllam, Salyan Palpa,
Nawalparasi, Dhankuta, Syanja, Makawanpur, Tanahu and Surkhet) of Nepal. White grub
(Phyllophaga spp.), Ginger shoot borer (Dichocrosis punctiferalis Guen.), Red ant (Dory/us sp),
Termites (Odontotermes sp) and Leafroller (Udaspes folus) pest infestation were found in most of the
surveyed districts. Rhizome rot (Pythium sp) infestation was found associated with rhizome fly
(Calobata sp) in patches in almost all the surveyed districts. Among them white grub and rhizome fly
were found economically important insect pests in ginger.
Monitoring of insect species using Sigma energy saving lamp of 18 watt was conducted at National
Ginger Research Program (.148.0 mas/), Kapurkot, Salyan during 2011112. A total of 27 species of
insect pests collected throui,1 light trap were identified. However, only 6 different insects namely
· Phyllophaga serricolis Hope, Dory/us orienta/is, · Xylotrupes gideon L., Anomala xanthroptera
Blanchard, Areas galactina orienta/is and Nezara viridula L were observed for the population build
up trend. Phyl/ophaga serricolls Hope (38) and Xylotrupes gideon L. (98) showed the highest
occurrence in July where as other insect species during June. During winter season no any occurrence
of insect species were recorded in Kapurkot condition.

An experiment was carried out in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) replicated four times in
the field of Agriculture Research Station (ARS). Dailekh during the consecutive years 2010111 and
2011112 to study the impacts of seedlings transplanting dates of 'Red Creole' onion on bulb yield and
yield contributing characters. Two years' pooled results showed that seedlings transplanted on
December 15 (Mangsir 30) recorded the highest pooled marketable bulb yield (29.99 mt/ha), plant
density (4,20,000), number of leaves (10.10/plant) and bulb diameter (5.68 em). Seedlings
transplanted on November 30 (Mansir 15) had the highest number of marketable bulbs (3, 77,500 lha)
and TSS (19.67%). Seedlings transplanted on December 15 showed to be the most appropriate dates
for maximum bulb yield and its contributing characters under the mid-hill environments of Dailekh.

An experiment was carried out in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) replicated four times in
the field of Agriculture Research Station (ARS). Dailekh during the consecutive years 2010111 and
2011112 to study the impacts of seedlings transplanting dates of 'Red Creole' onion on bulb yield and
yield contributing characters. Two years' pooled results showed that seedlings transplanted on
December 15 (Mangsir 30) recorded the highest pooled marketable bulb yield (29.99 mt/ha), plant
density (4,20,000), number of leaves (10.10/plant) and bulb diameter (5.68 em). Seedlings
transplanted on November 30 (Mansir 15) had the highest number of marketable bulbs (3, 77,500 lha)
and TSS (19.67%). Seedlings transplanted on December 15 showed to be the most appropriate dates
for maximum bulb yield and its contributing characters under the mid-hill environments of Dailekh.

The flight activity of two lepidopteron insect pests, Spodoptera litura and Helicoverpa armigera,
(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) was monitored using sex pheromone traps during two consecutive vegetation
periods in 3 different potato field locations situated at altitudes of around 2500, 1500 and 650 mas/ in
Sindupalchowk, Kavrepa1anchowk and Dang district, respectively. Pheromone traps were installed at
three locations in each site and data were recorded at 2 days interval. Populations of the two pests
were observed the highest in Kavrepalanchowk during both vegetation period 2010111 and 2011112.
Data were pooled weekly and pheromone traps detected distinct peaks for S. litura in Sindupalchowk
on 10'h April (1034±219), Kavrepalanchowk on 6'h April (2932±224) and Dang on 20'1' November
(527±32) in 20101011. Likewise, in Kavrepalanchowk and Dang, the highest peak was observed on
22nd March (950±733) and IO'h November (747±468) during 20111012. respectively. Population of H.
armigera at Kavrepalanchowk peaked on 23nl March with an economically significant number
(373±38 per week in Tukucha VDC and 1207±359 per week in Panauti VDC) where as visible damage
was observed on potato foliage in 2011. In Dang, H. armigera moth captured reached its peak on 30'h
November (32±32 adult/week). This trend clearly indicated that these pests can outbreak at tuber
bulking and maturation stage of potato in all three ecological regions of Nepal. Therefore, these pests
cause severe economic damage during the vegetation period of the potato crop. These dates on which
the highest number of moths were trapped could be used as a benchmark to determine the occurrence
and population buikfup duration for these two species of moths. Understanding the pest population
dynamics are useful technical knowledge needed for researchers, technicians and· growers to decide
more precise timing for applying appropriate management options.

The flight activity of two lepidopteron insect pests, Spodoptera litura and Helicoverpa armigera,
(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) was monitored using sex pheromone traps during two consecutive vegetation
periods in 3 different potato field locations situated at altitudes of around 2500, 1500 and 650 mas/ in
Sindupalchowk, Kavrepa1anchowk and Dang district, respectively. Pheromone traps were installed at
three locations in each site and data were recorded at 2 days interval. Populations of the two pests
were observed the highest in Kavrepalanchowk during both vegetation period 2010111 and 2011112.
Data were pooled weekly and pheromone traps detected distinct peaks for S. litura in Sindupalchowk
on 10'h April (1034±219), Kavrepalanchowk on 6'h April (2932±224) and Dang on 20'1' November
(527±32) in 20101011. Likewise, in Kavrepalanchowk and Dang, the highest peak was observed on
22nd March (950±733) and IO'h November (747±468) during 20111012. respectively. Population of H.
armigera at Kavrepalanchowk peaked on 23nl March with an economically significant number
(373±38 per week in Tukucha VDC and 1207±359 per week in Panauti VDC) where as visible damage
was observed on potato foliage in 2011. In Dang, H. armigera moth captured reached its peak on 30'h
November (32±32 adult/week). This trend clearly indicated that these pests can outbreak at tuber
bulking and maturation stage of potato in all three ecological regions of Nepal. Therefore, these pests
cause severe economic damage during the vegetation period of the potato crop. These dates on which
the highest number of moths were trapped could be used as a benchmark to determine the occurrence
and population buikfup duration for these two species of moths. Understanding the pest population
dynamics are useful technical knowledge needed for researchers, technicians and· growers to decide
more precise timing for applying appropriate management options.

Nepal has diverse agrp-c/imatic conditions. Hills and mountains have different niche areas suitable for
the production of various high value commodities. There is tremendous scope for commercial
agricultural production to enter into the international market. Among various agricultural components
horticultural crops are the important ones for commercial prodution. Poor transportation facilities
and poor infra-sturcture. lack of know-how, higher cost of production. poor linkage to the
international market etc. are the major constraints. Suitable pocket areas for the production of fruits,
vegetables and other high value commodities have been identified and listed. Some of the suggestions
and guidleines are described in this paper so that commercial production of agriculwre can be
brought into practice.

Nepal has diverse agrp-c/imatic conditions. Hills and mountains have different niche areas suitable for
the production of various high value commodities. There is tremendous scope for commercial
agricultural production to enter into the international market. Among various agricultural components
horticultural crops are the important ones for commercial prodution. Poor transportation facilities
and poor infra-sturcture. lack of know-how, higher cost of production. poor linkage to the
international market etc. are the major constraints. Suitable pocket areas for the production of fruits,
vegetables and other high value commodities have been identified and listed. Some of the suggestions
and guidleines are described in this paper so that commercial production of agriculwre can be
brought into practice.

Coffee, the second largest commodity next to petroleum products traded in the world market, is
produced in more than 70 countries. Total production in the world was 131 million bags (60 kg each)
in 2012 {.WlfiW.ico.org}, The d.emandfor organic coffee in the world market is increasing day by day.
Mexico, Nicaragua and Peru are the world leaders in organic coffee production. Honduras is the
highest exporter of organic coffee in the world market.
Coffee entered Nepal from Burma in 1939 AD. It has been extended to about 39 districts in the mid
hills of Nepal. It has significant potential as export commodity. More than 27000 small growers are
involved in coffee cultivation in about 1758 ha of land with a production of 418 tons of green bean in
20I2. The export of Nepali organic coffee is in increasing trend. Demand outstrips supplies. Nepali
coffee has Specialty Quality with cup testing score of82-86 percent.
Coffee production has higher benefit. The benefit from coffee is 4.33 times more than maize production
and I.87 times higher than maize followed by millet cultivation of e,rop rotation cycle. Intercropping of
coffee with banana and coffee with ginger is far better than sole maize cultivation.
Coffee can be a good export commodity if we can address various factors like strengthening support
on research white stem borer management and value addition with maintaining quality consistency.
Other factors like policy reframing is also important for coffee sub-sector development.

Coffee, the second largest commodity next to petroleum products traded in the world market, is
produced in more than 70 countries. Total production in the world was 131 million bags (60 kg each)
in 2012 {.WlfiW.ico.org}, The d.emandfor organic coffee in the world market is increasing day by day.
Mexico, Nicaragua and Peru are the world leaders in organic coffee production. Honduras is the
highest exporter of organic coffee in the world market.
Coffee entered Nepal from Burma in 1939 AD. It has been extended to about 39 districts in the mid
hills of Nepal. It has significant potential as export commodity. More than 27000 small growers are
involved in coffee cultivation in about 1758 ha of land with a production of 418 tons of green bean in
20I2. The export of Nepali organic coffee is in increasing trend. Demand outstrips supplies. Nepali
coffee has Specialty Quality with cup testing score of82-86 percent.
Coffee production has higher benefit. The benefit from coffee is 4.33 times more than maize production
and I.87 times higher than maize followed by millet cultivation of e,rop rotation cycle. Intercropping of
coffee with banana and coffee with ginger is far better than sole maize cultivation.
Coffee can be a good export commodity if we can address various factors like strengthening support
on research white stem borer management and value addition with maintaining quality consistency.
Other factors like policy reframing is also important for coffee sub-sector development.

A high yielding quality seed !s the prime technical input for the growth of agriculture. Using the
quality seed, 20 to 30 percent crop yield can be increased. Seed is a low volume high value nonperishable
commodity. In remote hills where bulky fresh produce cannot be marketed easily, seed is
one of the best established options for cash earning and income generation. Vegetable seeds can give
3-5 times higher income as compared to alternative cereal crops. Vegetable seed is now realized as a
very potential sub-sector contributing to poverty reduction and enhancing food and nutrition security
where other economic opportunities are very limited
It is an established fact that Nepal has two important resources for vegetable seed production: a)
agro-c/imatic va_riability with four distinct seasons {spring, rainy, autumn and winter), three major
ecological belts (mountain, hills and Terai) and several micro-climatic zones and b) large nuniber of
agro-biodiversity and genetic variability
Despite above comparative advantages Nepal has not been able to develop vegetable seed induslly as
it should have been done. This may be due to several reasons including technological and policy
anomalies, and administrative distortion.
In the world scenario, Gene Giants have used intellectual property laws to control the world seed
supply. lit less than three decades, a handful of multinational corporations have engineered a fast and
furious corporate enclosure in the seed chain. The proprietary seed market (brand named seed that is
subject to exclusive monopoly in the name of intellectual proper()~ now accounts for 82% of the
commercial seed market worldwide. With this advancement the Nepali indigenous vegetable varieties
are endangered NeP.ali cabbage and cauliflower have almost been replaced by imported hybrids.
Similar is the case with tomato, sweet pepper, cucumber and radish. Multinational seed corporate are
adapting the strategy that aims to control plant germplasm and maximize profits by eliminating
Farmers' Rights.
Realizing this overwhelming situation CEAPRED entered into the seed production and marketing
activities organizing farmers in groups/cooperatives. During the process CEAPRED has learned and
acquired a lot of experiences which this paper tries to summarize. The national requirement of
vegetable seeds estimated for NFY 2070/71 is ·about 1960 mt. whereas the estimated domestic
production is around 1200 mt. with short fall by 41 %. The short fall is met by import of open
pollinated (OP) and hybrid seeds.

A high yielding quality seed !s the prime technical input for the growth of agriculture. Using the
quality seed, 20 to 30 percent crop yield can be increased. Seed is a low volume high value nonperishable
commodity. In remote hills where bulky fresh produce cannot be marketed easily, seed is
one of the best established options for cash earning and income generation. Vegetable seeds can give
3-5 times higher income as compared to alternative cereal crops. Vegetable seed is now realized as a
very potential sub-sector contributing to poverty reduction and enhancing food and nutrition security
where other economic opportunities are very limited
It is an established fact that Nepal has two important resources for vegetable seed production: a)
agro-c/imatic va_riability with four distinct seasons {spring, rainy, autumn and winter), three major
ecological belts (mountain, hills and Terai) and several micro-climatic zones and b) large nuniber of
agro-biodiversity and genetic variability
Despite above comparative advantages Nepal has not been able to develop vegetable seed induslly as
it should have been done. This may be due to several reasons including technological and policy
anomalies, and administrative distortion.
In the world scenario, Gene Giants have used intellectual property laws to control the world seed
supply. lit less than three decades, a handful of multinational corporations have engineered a fast and
furious corporate enclosure in the seed chain. The proprietary seed market (brand named seed that is
subject to exclusive monopoly in the name of intellectual proper()~ now accounts for 82% of the
commercial seed market worldwide. With this advancement the Nepali indigenous vegetable varieties
are endangered NeP.ali cabbage and cauliflower have almost been replaced by imported hybrids.
Similar is the case with tomato, sweet pepper, cucumber and radish. Multinational seed corporate are
adapting the strategy that aims to control plant germplasm and maximize profits by eliminating
Farmers' Rights.
Realizing this overwhelming situation CEAPRED entered into the seed production and marketing
activities organizing farmers in groups/cooperatives. During the process CEAPRED has learned and
acquired a lot of experiences which this paper tries to summarize. The national requirement of
vegetable seeds estimated for NFY 2070/71 is ·about 1960 mt. whereas the estimated domestic
production is around 1200 mt. with short fall by 41 %. The short fall is met by import of open
pollinated (OP) and hybrid seeds.

Agriculture is the mainstay of livelihoods for more than 60% of the population in Nepal. More than
50% of farming households own less than I ha of land that is often insufficient to feed their family
throughout the year. LI-BIRD has been implementing the Home Garden project in Nepal since 2002
with an aim of enhancing nutritional securiiy of smallholders by increasing their on-farm biodiversity
which will increase nutritional security. Approximately, 78% households in Nepal possess home
garden, which occupies only 2-1 I% of the total landholding of an individual household. Although
more than 80% households of Nepal have home gardens with the size less than 0.5 ha, it contributes
60% of the total vegetable and fruit consumption of a family. Integrated home gardens can contribute
to nutritional and economic security of impact group, especially disadvantaged families (discriminated
by caste/gender and economically poor, geographic location) by strengthening their individual and
institutional capacity to effectively manage on-farm agro-biodiversity. ·
Increasing trend of male migration has led women to manage home garden diversity in vegetables,
fruits, small animals, mushroom, and fodder tr.ees in their home gardens, which has subsequently led
to enhanced family dietary diversity. Almost 60% households have added minimum of 10 new species
of vegetables and fruits into their home gardens over the period of three years (2006-08). The
households involved in sale of surplus home garden products have increased from 15% to 78% with
65% of them earning between NRs. 2,000 to NRs. IO,OOO, which signals that home garden could be a
stepping stone for commercialization of agriculture for smallholder farming households. Similarly,
almost 90% of the households that used to buy or borrow vegetables from market or naighbours have
increased self-sufficiency in vegetable and reduced the expenditure for vegetable by at least 50%.
Home garden project has erizpowered women and their leadership & management role is now well
recognized by public and the government.

Agriculture is the mainstay of livelihoods for more than 60% of the population in Nepal. More than
50% of farming households own less than I ha of land that is often insufficient to feed their family
throughout the year. LI-BIRD has been implementing the Home Garden project in Nepal since 2002
with an aim of enhancing nutritional securiiy of smallholders by increasing their on-farm biodiversity
which will increase nutritional security. Approximately, 78% households in Nepal possess home
garden, which occupies only 2-1 I% of the total landholding of an individual household. Although
more than 80% households of Nepal have home gardens with the size less than 0.5 ha, it contributes
60% of the total vegetable and fruit consumption of a family. Integrated home gardens can contribute
to nutritional and economic security of impact group, especially disadvantaged families (discriminated
by caste/gender and economically poor, geographic location) by strengthening their individual and
institutional capacity to effectively manage on-farm agro-biodiversity. ·
Increasing trend of male migration has led women to manage home garden diversity in vegetables,
fruits, small animals, mushroom, and fodder tr.ees in their home gardens, which has subsequently led
to enhanced family dietary diversity. Almost 60% households have added minimum of 10 new species
of vegetables and fruits into their home gardens over the period of three years (2006-08). The
households involved in sale of surplus home garden products have increased from 15% to 78% with
65% of them earning between NRs. 2,000 to NRs. IO,OOO, which signals that home garden could be a
stepping stone for commercialization of agriculture for smallholder farming households. Similarly,
almost 90% of the households that used to buy or borrow vegetables from market or naighbours have
increased self-sufficiency in vegetable and reduced the expenditure for vegetable by at least 50%.
Home garden project has erizpowered women and their leadership & management role is now well
recognized by public and the government.