Recently, Nepal Agricultural Research Council has developed a technological package of rainbow trout
(Oncorhynchus mykiss) farming suitable to hill and mountain regions. Aiming for wider dissemination of
this technology through strategic planning, a 2-day workshop was held, where about 150 farmer, technician,
scientist, NGO, policy maker, entrepreneurs, traders, consumers, media and agricultural administrator
actively participated. In the workshop 20 papers were presented including 15 oral and 5 posters. Later a trip
to farmer field was organized for enabling direct interaction among various stakeholders of the value chain,
and to review analytically on the status of trout farming around Kathmandu-Rasuwa Highway corridor. For
further scaling-up of trout farming, the workshop recommended on strengthening and improvement in
institutional status, human resources for research and extension, facilities, linkage among stakeholders. The
workshop also recommended subsidy to farmers, code of conduct on aquaculture practices, credit schemes,
better communication mechanisms, land valuation on the basis of investment and research and development
on consistent trout seed production and supply mechanism within the country. Several other
recommendations were also suggested for further scaling-up oftrout farming in Nepal.

Recently, Nepal Agricultural Research Council has developed a technological package of rainbow trout
(Oncorhynchus mykiss) farming suitable to hill and mountain regions. Aiming for wider dissemination of
this technology through strategic planning, a 2-day workshop was held, where about 150 farmer, technician,
scientist, NGO, policy maker, entrepreneurs, traders, consumers, media and agricultural administrator
actively participated. In the workshop 20 papers were presented including 15 oral and 5 posters. Later a trip
to farmer field was organized for enabling direct interaction among various stakeholders of the value chain,
and to review analytically on the status of trout farming around Kathmandu-Rasuwa Highway corridor. For
further scaling-up of trout farming, the workshop recommended on strengthening and improvement in
institutional status, human resources for research and extension, facilities, linkage among stakeholders. The
workshop also recommended subsidy to farmers, code of conduct on aquaculture practices, credit schemes,
better communication mechanisms, land valuation on the basis of investment and research and development
on consistent trout seed production and supply mechanism within the country. Several other
recommendations were also suggested for further scaling-up oftrout farming in Nepal.

Hybrid was produced through cross breeding between native Asian catfish (C. batrachus) male and African
C. gariepinus. Heterosis could not be compared between Fl hybrids because of poor gametic viability ofthe
cross between C. batrachusC¥ and C. gariepinus (). Hybrid was compared at different stages from larval to
market size with its respective control sibs. The average performance traits (viz. fertility, hatching rate,
growth and survival) of individuals derived from cross between C. gariepinus~ and C. batrachus c3 was
significantly better than its one of the control sib (C. batraclms). Hybrid showed high rate (31.5%) of
deformity and abnormality in larval stage before the start of exogenous feeding and deformity extend until
maturity. Significant divergence in morph type resembling to both of their parents and corresponding growth
was found in hybrid population. In this preliminary study, hybrid showed heterotic in growth performance
trait which might have important implication for the aquaculture industry.

Hybrid was produced through cross breeding between native Asian catfish (C. batrachus) male and African
C. gariepinus. Heterosis could not be compared between Fl hybrids because of poor gametic viability ofthe
cross between C. batrachusC¥ and C. gariepinus (). Hybrid was compared at different stages from larval to
market size with its respective control sibs. The average performance traits (viz. fertility, hatching rate,
growth and survival) of individuals derived from cross between C. gariepinus~ and C. batrachus c3 was
significantly better than its one of the control sib (C. batraclms). Hybrid showed high rate (31.5%) of
deformity and abnormality in larval stage before the start of exogenous feeding and deformity extend until
maturity. Significant divergence in morph type resembling to both of their parents and corresponding growth
was found in hybrid population. In this preliminary study, hybrid showed heterotic in growth performance
trait which might have important implication for the aquaculture industry.

Hybrid was produced through cross breeding between native Asian catfish (C. batrachus) male and African
C. gariepinus. Heterosis could not be compared between Fl hybrids because of poor gametic viability ofthe
cross between C. batrachusC¥ and C. gariepinus (). Hybrid was compared at different stages from larval to
market size with its respective control sibs. The average performance traits (viz. fertility, hatching rate,
growth and survival) of individuals derived from cross between C. gariepinus~ and C. batrachus c3 was
significantly better than its one of the control sib (C. batraclms). Hybrid showed high rate (31.5%) of
deformity and abnormality in larval stage before the start of exogenous feeding and deformity extend until
maturity. Significant divergence in morph type resembling to both of their parents and corresponding growth
was found in hybrid population. In this preliminary study, hybrid showed heterotic in growth performance
trait which might have important implication for the aquaculture industry.

Hybrid was produced through cross breeding between native Asian catfish (C. batrachus) male and African
C. gariepinus. Heterosis could not be compared between Fl hybrids because of poor gametic viability ofthe
cross between C. batrachusC¥ and C. gariepinus (). Hybrid was compared at different stages from larval to
market size with its respective control sibs. The average performance traits (viz. fertility, hatching rate,
growth and survival) of individuals derived from cross between C. gariepinus~ and C. batrachus c3 was
significantly better than its one of the control sib (C. batraclms). Hybrid showed high rate (31.5%) of
deformity and abnormality in larval stage before the start of exogenous feeding and deformity extend until
maturity. Significant divergence in morph type resembling to both of their parents and corresponding growth
was found in hybrid population. In this preliminary study, hybrid showed heterotic in growth performance
trait which might have important implication for the aquaculture industry.

A survey on fish production system in Sunsari and Morang Districts was carried out during 2060/2061.
Farmers were interviewed through a semi-structured questionnaire which was modified after pre-testing.
Among the sample farmers, the average family size was 6.9 with an average operational holding of2.7 ha
and 188.24 per cent cropping intensity. Among them 73 per cent had a single pond and 93 per cent had
permanent one with average water surface area of 0.28 and 0.13 ha, respectively. Average number of fries
and fingerlings supplied was 17950 and 3681/ha respectively. Average fish production was calculated as
1282.40 kg/ha. The total variable cost incurred in fish production was found to be Rs. 281 06.14/ha giving a
gross return of Rs. 78111.75/ha. Thus the net profit was obtained as Rs. 50005.61/ha with a benefit cost
ratio of2.78. Fish seed shared maximum cost of35 per cent followed by pond maintenance of27 per cent of
the sample farmers. Only II per cent of the cost was shared by ration. If quality fish seeds are made
available at time, train the farmers to control diseases and upgrade technical know-how, then 69 per cent of
the problems seemed to be solved in fish farming. Farmers seemed taking fish as additional production
irrespective of their investment and did not pay more attention to harvest more yield. There is a scope of
increasing fish yield simply by providing technical services and make them aware of shortcomings in pond
culture. Although the production is comparatively lower than national average, the scope of increasing
production is very high through applying improved technology in pond culture. It is however, profitable to
farmers and the benefit cost ratio can still be increased by applying inputs efficiently.

A survey on fish production system in Sunsari and Morang Districts was carried out during 2060/2061.
Farmers were interviewed through a semi-structured questionnaire which was modified after pre-testing.
Among the sample farmers, the average family size was 6.9 with an average operational holding of2.7 ha
and 188.24 per cent cropping intensity. Among them 73 per cent had a single pond and 93 per cent had
permanent one with average water surface area of 0.28 and 0.13 ha, respectively. Average number of fries
and fingerlings supplied was 17950 and 3681/ha respectively. Average fish production was calculated as
1282.40 kg/ha. The total variable cost incurred in fish production was found to be Rs. 281 06.14/ha giving a
gross return of Rs. 78111.75/ha. Thus the net profit was obtained as Rs. 50005.61/ha with a benefit cost
ratio of2.78. Fish seed shared maximum cost of35 per cent followed by pond maintenance of27 per cent of
the sample farmers. Only II per cent of the cost was shared by ration. If quality fish seeds are made
available at time, train the farmers to control diseases and upgrade technical know-how, then 69 per cent of
the problems seemed to be solved in fish farming. Farmers seemed taking fish as additional production
irrespective of their investment and did not pay more attention to harvest more yield. There is a scope of
increasing fish yield simply by providing technical services and make them aware of shortcomings in pond
culture. Although the production is comparatively lower than national average, the scope of increasing
production is very high through applying improved technology in pond culture. It is however, profitable to
farmers and the benefit cost ratio can still be increased by applying inputs efficiently.

Gardi (Labeo dero) is one of the economically important indigenous fish. Recently, mass seed production
and hatchery technology of this species has been developed. However, their nursing technology for fry
production has yet to be established. Therefore, to develop appropriate nursing methodology of gardi,
experiment was performed in cemented ponds in 2003 to 2004. For the experiments 3-4 days old larvae were
obtained from captive breeding. The cement cisterns were prepared as per methods applied for commercial
carps with fertilization in Pokkara and Kali Gandaki. The larval density in both places was maintained at the
rate of 3.0 million/ha. The larvae were fed with sieved pellet feed containing approximately 30 % of crude
protein. Water temperature ranged in ponds ranged from 24.0 to 27.8 °C during study period. The fry were
harvested after 90 days with a survival rate of 24.1% and I 0.3%, respectively in Kali Gandaki and Pokhara,
respectivley. Mean final weight (4.05±0.25 g) of fry in Pokhara was significantly higher (P<0.05) than the
final weight (2.50±0.19 g) of fry measured in Kali Gandaki. Differences in growth and survival of gardi
between locations have been discussed.

Gardi (Labeo dero) is one of the economically important indigenous fish. Recently, mass seed production
and hatchery technology of this species has been developed. However, their nursing technology for fry
production has yet to be established. Therefore, to develop appropriate nursing methodology of gardi,
experiment was performed in cemented ponds in 2003 to 2004. For the experiments 3-4 days old larvae were
obtained from captive breeding. The cement cisterns were prepared as per methods applied for commercial
carps with fertilization in Pokkara and Kali Gandaki. The larval density in both places was maintained at the
rate of 3.0 million/ha. The larvae were fed with sieved pellet feed containing approximately 30 % of crude
protein. Water temperature ranged in ponds ranged from 24.0 to 27.8 °C during study period. The fry were
harvested after 90 days with a survival rate of 24.1% and I 0.3%, respectively in Kali Gandaki and Pokhara,
respectivley. Mean final weight (4.05±0.25 g) of fry in Pokhara was significantly higher (P<0.05) than the
final weight (2.50±0.19 g) of fry measured in Kali Gandaki. Differences in growth and survival of gardi
between locations have been discussed.

Promotion of indigenous species in aquaculture is imperative for sustainable aquaculture production and
conservation of aquatic biodiversity. Indigenous sahar (Tor putitora) constituted substantial natural fishery
in major riverine and lacustrine ecosystem of Nepal in past. Presently their diversity has been threatened by
various anthropogenic activities. With the conservation and aquaculture ·point of view, considerable
development has been achieved on artificial propagation of this species. Performance ofT. putitora on its
growth and yield in different eco-region are under evaluation.
Growth experiment of sahar with different age cohort was conducted in ponds at Pokhara valley and
Tarahara, representing northern mid hill and southern plain, respectively during February 2005 to July 2005.
The growth of sahar was faster in warmer environment as evidenced by significant different (P<0.05) in
body weight gain was found between Tarahara (66.5 g) and Pokhara (52.8 g) after 120 days of rearing of
small size (3.5-4.0 g) sahar at mean water temperature of 26.3 and 29.1 °C, respectively. Differences in
initial stocking size were also found to affect growth rate of sahar. Sahar stocked with initial average weight
of 4.0 g grew at the rate of 0.40 g.day-1 while the growth rate of large size (24.9 g) sahar was 0.49 g.day-1
during February to June in Pokhara and the differences were significant (P<0.05). One-year old fingerling of
sahar (50.9 g) grew much faster (1.12 g.day- 1) and attained final weight of 219.4 g within 150 days in
Tarahara. These results indicate that sahar has a growth potential comparable to that of slow growing
aquacultured species (viz. rohu), but comparatively fetch a very high market price and is of high cultural
value.

Promotion of indigenous species in aquaculture is imperative for sustainable aquaculture production and
conservation of aquatic biodiversity. Indigenous sahar (Tor putitora) constituted substantial natural fishery
in major riverine and lacustrine ecosystem of Nepal in past. Presently their diversity has been threatened by
various anthropogenic activities. With the conservation and aquaculture ·point of view, considerable
development has been achieved on artificial propagation of this species. Performance ofT. putitora on its
growth and yield in different eco-region are under evaluation.
Growth experiment of sahar with different age cohort was conducted in ponds at Pokhara valley and
Tarahara, representing northern mid hill and southern plain, respectively during February 2005 to July 2005.
The growth of sahar was faster in warmer environment as evidenced by significant different (P<0.05) in
body weight gain was found between Tarahara (66.5 g) and Pokhara (52.8 g) after 120 days of rearing of
small size (3.5-4.0 g) sahar at mean water temperature of 26.3 and 29.1 °C, respectively. Differences in
initial stocking size were also found to affect growth rate of sahar. Sahar stocked with initial average weight
of 4.0 g grew at the rate of 0.40 g.day-1 while the growth rate of large size (24.9 g) sahar was 0.49 g.day-1
during February to June in Pokhara and the differences were significant (P<0.05). One-year old fingerling of
sahar (50.9 g) grew much faster (1.12 g.day- 1) and attained final weight of 219.4 g within 150 days in
Tarahara. These results indicate that sahar has a growth potential comparable to that of slow growing
aquacultured species (viz. rohu), but comparatively fetch a very high market price and is of high cultural
value.

Several species of zooplankton are used as indicators to identify different physico-chemical advection ?r
eutrophic changes in lake. Seasonal variation of zooplanktons and nutrients plays an important role m
ecosystem alteration of aquatic environment. Knowledge on nutrients and plankton dynamic of the lake
provide basis for modality and extent of exploitation of fishery resources of the lakes. Therefore, monthly
zooplankton and nutrients data collected from five different depth gradients of Lake Begnas for year 1995
and 2005 were analyzed and compared to investigate changes in zooplankton community and density.

Several species of zooplankton are used as indicators to identify different physico-chemical advection ?r
eutrophic changes in lake. Seasonal variation of zooplanktons and nutrients plays an important role m
ecosystem alteration of aquatic environment. Knowledge on nutrients and plankton dynamic of the lake
provide basis for modality and extent of exploitation of fishery resources of the lakes. Therefore, monthly
zooplankton and nutrients data collected from five different depth gradients of Lake Begnas for year 1995
and 2005 were analyzed and compared to investigate changes in zooplankton community and density.

Phytoplankton is one of the key suppliers of energy in aquatic ecosystem. phytoplankton abundance,
composition and activity affect dynamics of other organisms. Since, phytoplankton abundance and growth
condition is important to elucidate fisheries; therefore their abundance was examined from January to
December 2006. A total of twenttthree phytoplankton species were collected, where the mean monthly
abundance was 2.0 xi03 cells.mL· , with relatively higher values during June, August and November (3.1-
4.09 xl03 cells.mL" 1
). The predominant phytoplankton were Microcystis aeruginosa, Merismopedia
tennuissima and Peridinium sp. Among all Dinophyceae and Cyanophyceae increased significantly (P<0.05)
with increasing total phosphorous. The current trend of phytoplankton abundance has been discussed in
relation to fisheries management in Lake Phewa.

Phytoplankton is one of the key suppliers of energy in aquatic ecosystem. phytoplankton abundance,
composition and activity affect dynamics of other organisms. Since, phytoplankton abundance and growth
condition is important to elucidate fisheries; therefore their abundance was examined from January to
December 2006. A total of twenttthree phytoplankton species were collected, where the mean monthly
abundance was 2.0 xi03 cells.mL· , with relatively higher values during June, August and November (3.1-
4.09 xl03 cells.mL" 1
). The predominant phytoplankton were Microcystis aeruginosa, Merismopedia
tennuissima and Peridinium sp. Among all Dinophyceae and Cyanophyceae increased significantly (P<0.05)
with increasing total phosphorous. The current trend of phytoplankton abundance has been discussed in
relation to fisheries management in Lake Phewa.

The Monogenetic parasite identified as Dactylogyrus extensus (Mueller & van Cleave, 1932), and
Dactylogyrus vastator Nybelin, 1924 has been found parasitized to fries and fingerlings of common carp
cultured in Godawary and Trishuli Fisheries Research Station. On the basis of earlier history on
Dactylogyrus, it is proposed that D. extensus and D. vastator are new occurrence in Nepal.
T.he proportion of mean prevalence of Dactylogyrus infection to common carp fingerlings was significantly
dtfferent (P<0.05) in all season (winter, summer and rainy season) at Godawari Station. Likewise in Trishuli
Station also found significantly different (P<0.05) in summer and rainy season but no parasite was observed
i~ winter. The mean intensity rate of parasitic trend per infected common carp fingerlings was significantly
dt!ferent (P<0.05) in summer and rainy season at Trishuli Station but not significantly different (P>0.05) in
wmter, summer and rainy season at Godawari Station.

The Monogenetic parasite identified as Dactylogyrus extensus (Mueller & van Cleave, 1932), and
Dactylogyrus vastator Nybelin, 1924 has been found parasitized to fries and fingerlings of common carp
cultured in Godawary and Trishuli Fisheries Research Station. On the basis of earlier history on
Dactylogyrus, it is proposed that D. extensus and D. vastator are new occurrence in Nepal.
T.he proportion of mean prevalence of Dactylogyrus infection to common carp fingerlings was significantly
dtfferent (P<0.05) in all season (winter, summer and rainy season) at Godawari Station. Likewise in Trishuli
Station also found significantly different (P<0.05) in summer and rainy season but no parasite was observed
i~ winter. The mean intensity rate of parasitic trend per infected common carp fingerlings was significantly
dt!ferent (P<0.05) in summer and rainy season at Trishuli Station but not significantly different (P>0.05) in
wmter, summer and rainy season at Godawari Station.

Fish capturing has been found as a basis of livelihoods of people whose main occupation is fishing and
capture fishes to meet their daily needs. People capture fishes generally in public sources like river, lakes
and ponds. Koshi River is one of the most important river systems in Nepal and many capture fishers
depend on it. A study in 2062/063 was carried out with the capture fishers of Koshi River from
Hanumannagar, Koshi Barrage to Chatara side. Most of the capture fishers were Mallah/Bin, Mohamdan,
Manda!, Mushar, Majhi, Khatwe, Chamar, Bantar, Mahato, Majhi and Magar ethnic groups. Among 39
sample-capture-fishers the average family size was 7.56 with 3.97 male and 3.59 female members. Average
school year of male was 7 with 1.48 members and that of female was 1. 79 school years with 0.53 female
?'lemb.ers literate in a family. Average operational land holding was 0.21 ha with 60.19 per cent cropping
mtensity and 28 per cent did not have any holding. None of them had fish pond. Capture fishery contributed
to 64 per cent of their total income and average income was found to be Rs. 34259.62/year. On an average
they captured 3.96 kg of fish per day after 4.82 hours fishing and consumed 7.80 kg of fish per month. They
w~re found suffered from paying certain unofficial tips to local authority. None of them were acquainted
With "~quatic Act, 2055" and 61 per cent insisted in community fish farming. They had realized the
decreasmg trend of high value local species and expect the prohibition on use of gill net especially with
small mesh size.

Fish capturing has been found as a basis of livelihoods of people whose main occupation is fishing and
capture fishes to meet their daily needs. People capture fishes generally in public sources like river, lakes
and ponds. Koshi River is one of the most important river systems in Nepal and many capture fishers
depend on it. A study in 2062/063 was carried out with the capture fishers of Koshi River from
Hanumannagar, Koshi Barrage to Chatara side. Most of the capture fishers were Mallah/Bin, Mohamdan,
Manda!, Mushar, Majhi, Khatwe, Chamar, Bantar, Mahato, Majhi and Magar ethnic groups. Among 39
sample-capture-fishers the average family size was 7.56 with 3.97 male and 3.59 female members. Average
school year of male was 7 with 1.48 members and that of female was 1. 79 school years with 0.53 female
?'lemb.ers literate in a family. Average operational land holding was 0.21 ha with 60.19 per cent cropping
mtensity and 28 per cent did not have any holding. None of them had fish pond. Capture fishery contributed
to 64 per cent of their total income and average income was found to be Rs. 34259.62/year. On an average
they captured 3.96 kg of fish per day after 4.82 hours fishing and consumed 7.80 kg of fish per month. They
w~re found suffered from paying certain unofficial tips to local authority. None of them were acquainted
With "~quatic Act, 2055" and 61 per cent insisted in community fish farming. They had realized the
decreasmg trend of high value local species and expect the prohibition on use of gill net especially with
small mesh size.

Nepal is one of the market destinations of dry fish products. To understand the status of dry fish products,
market structure, stakeholders and value chain a simple study was conducted focusing some parts of easterncentral
regions ofNepal. The places include Kathmandu, Lalitpur, Bhaktapur, Dolalghat, Pokhara, Malekhu,
Trishuli, Betrawati foot hills, considering that dry fish should be a main protein sources for people in high
hill and mountains. In our sampling a total of 25 fish marine and freshwater and 5 shrimp species were
identified. Among total fish species 14 were exotic and II belonging to indigenous group. In general, we
collected dried fish products from the local markets. This study showed India and Thailand are the main
exporting countries of dry fish and shrimp in Nepal. The calculated value of dry fish consumption in Nepal
is 591 Mt per year.

Nepal is one of the market destinations of dry fish products. To understand the status of dry fish products,
market structure, stakeholders and value chain a simple study was conducted focusing some parts of easterncentral
regions ofNepal. The places include Kathmandu, Lalitpur, Bhaktapur, Dolalghat, Pokhara, Malekhu,
Trishuli, Betrawati foot hills, considering that dry fish should be a main protein sources for people in high
hill and mountains. In our sampling a total of 25 fish marine and freshwater and 5 shrimp species were
identified. Among total fish species 14 were exotic and II belonging to indigenous group. In general, we
collected dried fish products from the local markets. This study showed India and Thailand are the main
exporting countries of dry fish and shrimp in Nepal. The calculated value of dry fish consumption in Nepal
is 591 Mt per year.

Formulation of the most desirable feed which satisfy the nutritional requirement of catfish ( Clarias gariepinus)
larvae is one of major task in development of aquaculture packages of practices of the catfish. To evaluate the
effect of live food organisms and several feed formulation on the survival and growth of catfish larvae
experiments were carried out. Treatments for starter feed includes zooplankton and artemia naupli as live food
organisms and carp micro-feed (formulated ration) were fed to the experimental catfish larvae.
The growth of catfish larvae was significantly (P<0.05) higher in zooplankton fed condition. The mean final
weight attained by catfish larvae was 197.3 mg and 126.7 mg, respectively, feeding with zooplankton and
artemia naupli. The mean survival rate for C. gariepinus fry fed on zooplankton and artemia naupli at the end of
4 weeks experiment was 53.3% and 56.8%, respectively. Absolute mortality was evidenced for larvae fed under
carp micro-feed. An increased zooplankton density in nursing water (423 to 1268/L) did not influence (P>0.05)
the growth of larvae. Larval growth was significantly (P<0.05) increased at increasing density ( 604 to 1813/L of
artemia naupli in nursing water. Survival rate of larvae was found to decrease as the feeding rate of artemia
naupli increased while zooplankton fed larvae showed increased survival rate (77.0 to 82.0%) in response to
increase in feeding rate.

Formulation of the most desirable feed which satisfy the nutritional requirement of catfish ( Clarias gariepinus)
larvae is one of major task in development of aquaculture packages of practices of the catfish. To evaluate the
effect of live food organisms and several feed formulation on the survival and growth of catfish larvae
experiments were carried out. Treatments for starter feed includes zooplankton and artemia naupli as live food
organisms and carp micro-feed (formulated ration) were fed to the experimental catfish larvae.
The growth of catfish larvae was significantly (P<0.05) higher in zooplankton fed condition. The mean final
weight attained by catfish larvae was 197.3 mg and 126.7 mg, respectively, feeding with zooplankton and
artemia naupli. The mean survival rate for C. gariepinus fry fed on zooplankton and artemia naupli at the end of
4 weeks experiment was 53.3% and 56.8%, respectively. Absolute mortality was evidenced for larvae fed under
carp micro-feed. An increased zooplankton density in nursing water (423 to 1268/L) did not influence (P>0.05)
the growth of larvae. Larval growth was significantly (P<0.05) increased at increasing density ( 604 to 1813/L of
artemia naupli in nursing water. Survival rate of larvae was found to decrease as the feeding rate of artemia
naupli increased while zooplankton fed larvae showed increased survival rate (77.0 to 82.0%) in response to
increase in feeding rate.

A study was conducted to find out the suitable cultivars of oats for hay production in Khumaltar condition.
Twenty one cultivars of oat were obtained from the Crop and Food Research, New Zealand and two native
cultivars ofNepal were selected for the study. The experiment was designed on RCBD in three replications.
The plot size was measured 5m2
• The fertilizer was applied@ 80:60:40 NPK kg/ha + FYM 5 mtlha as basal
dose. The seed rate was used 100 kg/ha and sowing was done on July 6, 2003 (22/3/2061). The first cutting
was taken for green matter production 60 days after sowing and then it was left for hay production. Data
were recorded of different oat cultivars separately on parameters (a) plant height, (b) tiller number per plant
(c) leaf number per plant (d) green matter yield/ha and (e) hay yieldlha;
Green matter yield (GM) of cultivar STEMPEDE (23.7 kg/plot of 5m2 i.e. equal to 47.4 mtlha.) was
significantly (P<0.05) greater than that of the cultivar NZ92169,0 1 ( 14.0 kg/plot of 5m2 i.e 28.0 mtlha) and
following cultivars four cultivars but found insignificant with the first 17 cultivars. The hay yield of cultivar
STEMPEDE (10.3 kg/plot of 5m2 i.e 20.6 mtlha) was significantly (P<0.05) higher than that ofNZ94256,67
cultivar (7.2 kg/plot of 5m2 i.e 14.4 mtlha.) and following cultivars down the column. Non significant hay
production was found among first 13 cultivars whose value ranged from 7.5 to 10.3 kg/plot of 5m2 i.e 15 to
20.6 mtlha.

A study was conducted to find out the suitable cultivars of oats for hay production in Khumaltar condition.
Twenty one cultivars of oat were obtained from the Crop and Food Research, New Zealand and two native
cultivars ofNepal were selected for the study. The experiment was designed on RCBD in three replications.
The plot size was measured 5m2
• The fertilizer was applied@ 80:60:40 NPK kg/ha + FYM 5 mtlha as basal
dose. The seed rate was used 100 kg/ha and sowing was done on July 6, 2003 (22/3/2061). The first cutting
was taken for green matter production 60 days after sowing and then it was left for hay production. Data
were recorded of different oat cultivars separately on parameters (a) plant height, (b) tiller number per plant
(c) leaf number per plant (d) green matter yield/ha and (e) hay yieldlha;
Green matter yield (GM) of cultivar STEMPEDE (23.7 kg/plot of 5m2 i.e. equal to 47.4 mtlha.) was
significantly (P<0.05) greater than that of the cultivar NZ92169,0 1 ( 14.0 kg/plot of 5m2 i.e 28.0 mtlha) and
following cultivars four cultivars but found insignificant with the first 17 cultivars. The hay yield of cultivar
STEMPEDE (10.3 kg/plot of 5m2 i.e 20.6 mtlha) was significantly (P<0.05) higher than that ofNZ94256,67
cultivar (7.2 kg/plot of 5m2 i.e 14.4 mtlha.) and following cultivars down the column. Non significant hay
production was found among first 13 cultivars whose value ranged from 7.5 to 10.3 kg/plot of 5m2 i.e 15 to
20.6 mtlha.

Twenty different exotic temperate pasture species and cultivars were tested at ARS Dhunche 1950 mas! and
Sub station Chandanbari 3250 mas! during 2001-2004. Highly significant different (P<O.OO 1) was found on
dry matter fodder production among different forage pasture species and locations. Among twenty,
seventeen pasture species and cultivars established better and produced fodders at Dhunche. Highland bent
grass produced maximum fodder 43.2 GM and 13.9 DM/ha followed by Chewing fescue Tiffany (39.6 GM
and 12.1 DM/ha) and Tall fescue Demeter (35.0 GM and 10.7 DM/ha). Birdsfoot trefoil Leo produced
maximum fodder ( 40.8 mt/ha GM and 8.6 DM/ha) in case of pasture legume species. At Chandanbari
maximum fodder production was found from Orchard grass Potomac 39.5 GM and 8.6 DM/ha) followed by
Cocksfoot Porto (28.3 GM and 6.2 DM/ha), Highland bent grass (26.7 GM and 6.9 DM/ha) and Rye grass
Kangaroo gold 22.6 GM and 4.1 DM/ha). Fourteen species and cultivars established better and produced
fodder at Chandanbari. The germination performance of introduced forage species and cultivars was better
at Chandanbari compare to Dhunche. Although more number of pasture species and cultivars found very
good germination the performance of establishment and persistent fodder production at Dhunche was found
better than Chandanbari. Four cuttings were taken at Dhunche and two cuttings were taken at Chandanbari.
The seed production was found significant different among pasture species (P<0.05) and locations
(P<0.006). Seeds were collected from fourteen species at Dhunche and Chandanbari. Chewing fescue
Tiffany produced maximum seeds (780 kg/ha) at Dhunche and Tall fescue cultivars were also found good
seed producers average (447 kg/ha). The average seed production of Tall fescue cultivars and Chewing
fescue was 160 kg/ha at Chandanbari.

Twenty different exotic temperate pasture species and cultivars were tested at ARS Dhunche 1950 mas! and
Sub station Chandanbari 3250 mas! during 2001-2004. Highly significant different (P<O.OO 1) was found on
dry matter fodder production among different forage pasture species and locations. Among twenty,
seventeen pasture species and cultivars established better and produced fodders at Dhunche. Highland bent
grass produced maximum fodder 43.2 GM and 13.9 DM/ha followed by Chewing fescue Tiffany (39.6 GM
and 12.1 DM/ha) and Tall fescue Demeter (35.0 GM and 10.7 DM/ha). Birdsfoot trefoil Leo produced
maximum fodder ( 40.8 mt/ha GM and 8.6 DM/ha) in case of pasture legume species. At Chandanbari
maximum fodder production was found from Orchard grass Potomac 39.5 GM and 8.6 DM/ha) followed by
Cocksfoot Porto (28.3 GM and 6.2 DM/ha), Highland bent grass (26.7 GM and 6.9 DM/ha) and Rye grass
Kangaroo gold 22.6 GM and 4.1 DM/ha). Fourteen species and cultivars established better and produced
fodder at Chandanbari. The germination performance of introduced forage species and cultivars was better
at Chandanbari compare to Dhunche. Although more number of pasture species and cultivars found very
good germination the performance of establishment and persistent fodder production at Dhunche was found
better than Chandanbari. Four cuttings were taken at Dhunche and two cuttings were taken at Chandanbari.
The seed production was found significant different among pasture species (P<0.05) and locations
(P<0.006). Seeds were collected from fourteen species at Dhunche and Chandanbari. Chewing fescue
Tiffany produced maximum seeds (780 kg/ha) at Dhunche and Tall fescue cultivars were also found good
seed producers average (447 kg/ha). The average seed production of Tall fescue cultivars and Chewing
fescue was 160 kg/ha at Chandanbari.

Kamdhenu, Omihi, CDA- I 00 I, Awapuni and 83 INC I 9G3 are promising oat cultivars for more fodder and
seed production at station. Three cutting management practices (0, I & II cut) were studied for their
potential performance on seed production during 2060 to 2063 in this study. Significant different was not
found among five oat cultivars but highly significant different (P<O.OO I) was found among cutting
management practices and years for seed production. More seed production (3.5 mt/ha) was found on zero
cut management followed by one cut (2.7 mt/ha) and two cut (2.2 mtlha) management practices respectively.
Irrespective of cutting management Awapuni produced the maximum seed (3.4 mtlha) and the lowest seed
was produced from Omihi (2.5 mt/ha). The differences on plant height was found highly significant
{P<O.OO 1) among different five oat cultivars, cutting management and years. Awapuni was found the tallest
plant (71.5 em) and the smallest was 83INC 19G3 (52.8 em) Irrespective of oat cultivars zero cut plants
attained maximum plant height (71.97 em) followed by one cut (59.52 em) and two cut management (48.21
em) practices. The crop maturity day was also found highly significant different (P<O.OO I) among different
oat cultivars, cutting management and years for harvesting the seeds. The mean days of harvesting (DOH) of
Awapuni was the earliest (220 D) followed by Kamdhenu (226 D), CDAIOOI (230 D), Omihi (232 D) and
83INC 1903 (234 D) irrespective on cutting management practice. An overall zero cut plants matured early
22 I (DOH) which was 7 and 15 days earlier than I and II cut management practices. The performance of
most agronomic characters on third year was better compare to first and second year.

Kamdhenu, Omihi, CDA- I 00 I, Awapuni and 83 INC I 9G3 are promising oat cultivars for more fodder and
seed production at station. Three cutting management practices (0, I & II cut) were studied for their
potential performance on seed production during 2060 to 2063 in this study. Significant different was not
found among five oat cultivars but highly significant different (P<O.OO I) was found among cutting
management practices and years for seed production. More seed production (3.5 mt/ha) was found on zero
cut management followed by one cut (2.7 mt/ha) and two cut (2.2 mtlha) management practices respectively.
Irrespective of cutting management Awapuni produced the maximum seed (3.4 mtlha) and the lowest seed
was produced from Omihi (2.5 mt/ha). The differences on plant height was found highly significant
{P<O.OO 1) among different five oat cultivars, cutting management and years. Awapuni was found the tallest
plant (71.5 em) and the smallest was 83INC 19G3 (52.8 em) Irrespective of oat cultivars zero cut plants
attained maximum plant height (71.97 em) followed by one cut (59.52 em) and two cut management (48.21
em) practices. The crop maturity day was also found highly significant different (P<O.OO I) among different
oat cultivars, cutting management and years for harvesting the seeds. The mean days of harvesting (DOH) of
Awapuni was the earliest (220 D) followed by Kamdhenu (226 D), CDAIOOI (230 D), Omihi (232 D) and
83INC 1903 (234 D) irrespective on cutting management practice. An overall zero cut plants matured early
22 I (DOH) which was 7 and 15 days earlier than I and II cut management practices. The performance of
most agronomic characters on third year was better compare to first and second year.

Feeding of locally available forages is crucial in the hills of Nepal in terms of livestock production. The
forages, however, vary greatly, in terms of its availability, morphological traits, nutrient content according to
the season of their availability and the sites of their growth. Different forage species were, therefore,
evaluated in Dhading and Kavre for their seasonality and morphological traits as well as their ability to
produce the biomass. The traditional practice of feeding native grasses to the livestock by the farmers in
their homestead, terraces riser, marginal lands, forestlands, swampy lands, barren lands and bunds are very
much common and they usually grow naturally without much care. A survey was conducted to assess five
most popular forages in each site. In Dhading, Sama (Echinochloa glabrescens) and Banspate (Seteria
palmifolia) performed better than Phoo/ Khari (Celtis spp.), Chitre Banso (Digitaria ciliaris) and Kode
ghans (Eleusine indica) (p <0.00 1) in terms of plant height. Simlarly, Sarna and Phool Khari were
significantly better than others in terms of leaf number per plant (p<O.OS); while Kode ghans and Bans pate
were better than other in their tillering ability (p<O.OOI). More importantly, Sama outplayed others in terms
of their biomass yield per hectare (p<O.OO I).
In contrary, Tharkhari and Plwul Khari were taller than Phurke Khar (Arundinella nepalensis), Rato Khar
(Adenostemma lavenia) and Bans pate (p<O.OO I) in Kavre, while Phurke Khar and Banspate had least
number of leaves per plant among the tested (p<O.OOl ). Similarly, Rato Khar demonstrated the best tillering
ability among all (p<O.OO I). Above all, Plwol Khari produced the highest biomass in Kavre (p<O.OO I). In
general, many types of forage are managed for their rootstock during April and May and they start to flower
from August till October. Seeding occurs during December to January while they are harvested starting from
June till October. Sama in Dhading and Plwol Khari in Kavre exhibited the best overall performance for
their morphological and production traits. However, there is a need to verify these statistics with their ability
to perform better in terms of livestock production. Therefore, these forages will be tested for their nutritive
quality and their ability to provide efficient nutrition in animal production especially in the hills ofNepal.

Feeding of locally available forages is crucial in the hills of Nepal in terms of livestock production. The
forages, however, vary greatly, in terms of its availability, morphological traits, nutrient content according to
the season of their availability and the sites of their growth. Different forage species were, therefore,
evaluated in Dhading and Kavre for their seasonality and morphological traits as well as their ability to
produce the biomass. The traditional practice of feeding native grasses to the livestock by the farmers in
their homestead, terraces riser, marginal lands, forestlands, swampy lands, barren lands and bunds are very
much common and they usually grow naturally without much care. A survey was conducted to assess five
most popular forages in each site. In Dhading, Sama (Echinochloa glabrescens) and Banspate (Seteria
palmifolia) performed better than Phoo/ Khari (Celtis spp.), Chitre Banso (Digitaria ciliaris) and Kode
ghans (Eleusine indica) (p <0.00 1) in terms of plant height. Simlarly, Sarna and Phool Khari were
significantly better than others in terms of leaf number per plant (p<O.OS); while Kode ghans and Bans pate
were better than other in their tillering ability (p<O.OOI). More importantly, Sama outplayed others in terms
of their biomass yield per hectare (p<O.OO I).
In contrary, Tharkhari and Plwul Khari were taller than Phurke Khar (Arundinella nepalensis), Rato Khar
(Adenostemma lavenia) and Bans pate (p<O.OO I) in Kavre, while Phurke Khar and Banspate had least
number of leaves per plant among the tested (p<O.OOl ). Similarly, Rato Khar demonstrated the best tillering
ability among all (p<O.OO I). Above all, Plwol Khari produced the highest biomass in Kavre (p<O.OO I). In
general, many types of forage are managed for their rootstock during April and May and they start to flower
from August till October. Seeding occurs during December to January while they are harvested starting from
June till October. Sama in Dhading and Plwol Khari in Kavre exhibited the best overall performance for
their morphological and production traits. However, there is a need to verify these statistics with their ability
to perform better in terms of livestock production. Therefore, these forages will be tested for their nutritive
quality and their ability to provide efficient nutrition in animal production especially in the hills ofNepal.

A study was conducted to find out promising pasture species for high altitude regions. Native as well as
exotic species were compared for their productive parameters. The experiment was conducted for two years
in Simbhanjyang Pakha (1950 m) in Riyale.
A significant difference (P<0.05) was found among different pasture species although the highest plant
height was recorded in Setaria anceps ( 131.13 em). A significant (P<0.05) was found also in tiller number,
leaf number and dry matter yield. The highest dry matter yield was found in Setaria anceps which indicates
that the taller the plant the more dry matter yield.

A study was conducted to find out promising pasture species for high altitude regions. Native as well as
exotic species were compared for their productive parameters. The experiment was conducted for two years
in Simbhanjyang Pakha (1950 m) in Riyale.
A significant difference (P<0.05) was found among different pasture species although the highest plant
height was recorded in Setaria anceps ( 131.13 em). A significant (P<0.05) was found also in tiller number,
leaf number and dry matter yield. The highest dry matter yield was found in Setaria anceps which indicates
that the taller the plant the more dry matter yield.

Farmers have practiced to feed their animals concentrate along with crop residues such as paddy straw,
maize stover and some green grasses. Inclusion of concentrate in the daily feed is expensive which result
into increase the cost of milk production. In order to produce the economical livestock products the
alternative is to feed ruminants green forage at adequate quantities. The farmer cultivate Oats (Avena sativa)
and vetch (Vicia sativa) in mixture as winter fodder , Teosinte (Euchlaena mexicana) and Cowpea (Vigna
sinensis ) in mixture as summer foder crop. Similarly Napier (Pennisetum purpureum), Ryegrss, (Lolium
perenne) Setaria, (Setaria anceps) Paspalum, (Paspalum dilatatum) and White clover (Trifolion repens) are
cultivated as perennial forage crop while Mulbery (Morus alba), Ipil ipil (Leucaena leucocephala) as fodder
tree for feeding milch animal.
The result on economical parameter indicates that inclusion of 35-40 kg green fodder in the daily ration of
milch buffalo has given the highest net profit ofNRs 42.0 per day and helped in reduction of concentrate by
66%.

Farmers have practiced to feed their animals concentrate along with crop residues such as paddy straw,
maize stover and some green grasses. Inclusion of concentrate in the daily feed is expensive which result
into increase the cost of milk production. In order to produce the economical livestock products the
alternative is to feed ruminants green forage at adequate quantities. The farmer cultivate Oats (Avena sativa)
and vetch (Vicia sativa) in mixture as winter fodder , Teosinte (Euchlaena mexicana) and Cowpea (Vigna
sinensis ) in mixture as summer foder crop. Similarly Napier (Pennisetum purpureum), Ryegrss, (Lolium
perenne) Setaria, (Setaria anceps) Paspalum, (Paspalum dilatatum) and White clover (Trifolion repens) are
cultivated as perennial forage crop while Mulbery (Morus alba), Ipil ipil (Leucaena leucocephala) as fodder
tree for feeding milch animal.
The result on economical parameter indicates that inclusion of 35-40 kg green fodder in the daily ration of
milch buffalo has given the highest net profit ofNRs 42.0 per day and helped in reduction of concentrate by
66%.

Comparative performance of New Hampshire, Black Australorp and Giriraja was studied at Swine and
Avian Research Program, Khumaltar during Feb to July of 2005. The observation on feed intake, weight
gain and mortality was taken from day-old chicks to 12 weeks of age. All experimental birds were fed with
commercial broilers feed (Ratna feed) and were reared under similar management.
Significant (<0.001) effect of breed on body weight was observed with Giriraja above others. Effect of sex and
season on body weight was also found significant (P<O.OO I). Irrespective of breed, higher weight was obtained
with birds reared in Feb- May compared to May-July. At twelve-week of age, higher body weight was observed
for Giriraja male ( 1.82 kg), followed by Giriraja female ( 1.46 kg) and New Hampshire male {1.23 kg) with
cumulative FCR of 3.55, 3.65 and 3.83, respectively. Irrespective of sex and season, Giriraja exhibited better
FCR than others in all weeks of rearing. The better FCR was observed for bird reared in Feb- May season. The
cumulative mortality was found as 6.64%, 9.95% and 16.29% for New Hampshire, Black Australorp and
Giriraja, respectively. Up to 12 weeks of rearing, higher saving per bird was observed for Giriraja (Rs50.63),
followed by New Hampshire (Rs 18.4) and Black Australorp (Rs 12.74). The finding of the present study
revealed that these dual-purpose breeds have potentiality to be competitive meat producer in intensive
management. Feb-May season is favorable for dual-purpose chicken rearing than May-July in tenns of higher
growth, better feed efficiency and saving per birds but need for proper health management in future. Heaviest
body weight with having better feed efficiency and higher saving per bird of 12 week rearing of Giriraja
suggesting that it may be the choice of economically viable intensive farming for medium farmers whereas
New Hampshire and Black Australorp are appeared to be suitable for semi-intensive and scavenging
management.

Comparative performance of New Hampshire, Black Australorp and Giriraja was studied at Swine and
Avian Research Program, Khumaltar during Feb to July of 2005. The observation on feed intake, weight
gain and mortality was taken from day-old chicks to 12 weeks of age. All experimental birds were fed with
commercial broilers feed (Ratna feed) and were reared under similar management.
Significant (<0.001) effect of breed on body weight was observed with Giriraja above others. Effect of sex and
season on body weight was also found significant (P<O.OO I). Irrespective of breed, higher weight was obtained
with birds reared in Feb- May compared to May-July. At twelve-week of age, higher body weight was observed
for Giriraja male ( 1.82 kg), followed by Giriraja female ( 1.46 kg) and New Hampshire male {1.23 kg) with
cumulative FCR of 3.55, 3.65 and 3.83, respectively. Irrespective of sex and season, Giriraja exhibited better
FCR than others in all weeks of rearing. The better FCR was observed for bird reared in Feb- May season. The
cumulative mortality was found as 6.64%, 9.95% and 16.29% for New Hampshire, Black Australorp and
Giriraja, respectively. Up to 12 weeks of rearing, higher saving per bird was observed for Giriraja (Rs50.63),
followed by New Hampshire (Rs 18.4) and Black Australorp (Rs 12.74). The finding of the present study
revealed that these dual-purpose breeds have potentiality to be competitive meat producer in intensive
management. Feb-May season is favorable for dual-purpose chicken rearing than May-July in tenns of higher
growth, better feed efficiency and saving per birds but need for proper health management in future. Heaviest
body weight with having better feed efficiency and higher saving per bird of 12 week rearing of Giriraja
suggesting that it may be the choice of economically viable intensive farming for medium farmers whereas
New Hampshire and Black Australorp are appeared to be suitable for semi-intensive and scavenging
management.

The present investigation was undertaken on 240 day-old broiler chicks (Vencobb-100) in Swine and A_vian
Research Program, Khumaltar of NARC; which were randomized into 4 dietary groups (Olto 04) wtth 3
replicates of each. All the groups along with their replicates were separately housed in a poultry house with
standard and identical management and environmental conditions. A commercial broiler feed (Ratna feed)
was used as basal diet (01). Other diets were prepared by mixing different herbal liver stimulants in
different dose levels in the basal diet. Birds fed with Livoliv 250@ 250 g/ton (02) attained higher body
weight ( 1903±72 g) followed by 04 i.e. Superliv @ 500 g/ton (17 I I± 16 g) and basal diet (1675±78 g) with
FCR of2.70±0.09, 2.84±0.04 and 2.83±0.06 respectively. Whereas birds under 03 (Livoliv 250@500 g/ton)
gained significantly (P<0.05) lower body weight ( 1582±23 g) with FCR of 2.81 ±0.0 l. The results clearly
indicated a negative effect of higher concentration of Livoliv 250 in feed consumption and weight gain.
Similarly, percentage mortality was recorded 1.59% and 1.64% under the diet 03 and 04 respectively.
Profit per bird over chick and feed cost was obtained higher with Livoliv 250 @250 g/ton (Rs 73.69±6.1)
followed by Superliv @ 500 g/ton (Rs 59.55± 1.9) and it was lowest under Livoliv 250 @500 g/ton (Rs
53.99±1.4). It may be concluded that supplementation of herbal liver stimulant (Livoliv 250@250g/ton) is
beneficial for improving growth. FCR, nutrient digestibility, reducing severity of liver lesions and higher
profit in broilers.

The present investigation was undertaken on 240 day-old broiler chicks (Vencobb-100) in Swine and A_vian
Research Program, Khumaltar of NARC; which were randomized into 4 dietary groups (Olto 04) wtth 3
replicates of each. All the groups along with their replicates were separately housed in a poultry house with
standard and identical management and environmental conditions. A commercial broiler feed (Ratna feed)
was used as basal diet (01). Other diets were prepared by mixing different herbal liver stimulants in
different dose levels in the basal diet. Birds fed with Livoliv 250@ 250 g/ton (02) attained higher body
weight ( 1903±72 g) followed by 04 i.e. Superliv @ 500 g/ton (17 I I± 16 g) and basal diet (1675±78 g) with
FCR of2.70±0.09, 2.84±0.04 and 2.83±0.06 respectively. Whereas birds under 03 (Livoliv 250@500 g/ton)
gained significantly (P<0.05) lower body weight ( 1582±23 g) with FCR of 2.81 ±0.0 l. The results clearly
indicated a negative effect of higher concentration of Livoliv 250 in feed consumption and weight gain.
Similarly, percentage mortality was recorded 1.59% and 1.64% under the diet 03 and 04 respectively.
Profit per bird over chick and feed cost was obtained higher with Livoliv 250 @250 g/ton (Rs 73.69±6.1)
followed by Superliv @ 500 g/ton (Rs 59.55± 1.9) and it was lowest under Livoliv 250 @500 g/ton (Rs
53.99±1.4). It may be concluded that supplementation of herbal liver stimulant (Livoliv 250@250g/ton) is
beneficial for improving growth. FCR, nutrient digestibility, reducing severity of liver lesions and higher
profit in broilers.

This study was undertaken to know the prospect and potential of poultry sector. The secondary data,
literature and information obtained from other related sources were reviewed. The finding showed poultry
industry becomes the third largest livestock commodity in Nepal and contribute 2.7 percent to total GOP and
6.4 percent on agriculture GOP. The rapid development of commercial poultry in and around urban areas
has primarily been in response to the growing consumer demand for poultry meat and egg. At present there
are 51 hatcheries with production potential of approximately 25 million chicks per year, 147 feed mills with
a capacity of approximately 600,000 M.T. feed a year. At present the total poultry population is 22790224
chickens. Out ofthat 6643350 are laying hens which produce 756.5 thousand M.T. eggs and 15.7 thousand
MT meat. More than 32,928 persons have received direct employment in commercial poultry production and
marketing alone. Beside direct employment poultry provide employment opportunities at different levels to
approximately to 66000 people. The chemical composition of edible parts of hen's egg has high nutritive and
low caloric value, so it is easy to digest. Even poultry manure has high fertilizer value and provides healthy
organic fertilizer to the soil and replaces the chemical fertilizer to some extend. Manure also used as animal
feed by recycling because it has undigested feed components. Poultry sector therefore has great potential but
the growth of this sector has been unplanned and without direction. The risk and constraints remain
paramount due to absence of clarity in government approach toward poultry production. Government should
provide adequate support to poultry sector and needs to develop its long term policy and strategy. Research,
extension and clinical services should be strengthen and need to collaborate together.

This study was undertaken to know the prospect and potential of poultry sector. The secondary data,
literature and information obtained from other related sources were reviewed. The finding showed poultry
industry becomes the third largest livestock commodity in Nepal and contribute 2.7 percent to total GOP and
6.4 percent on agriculture GOP. The rapid development of commercial poultry in and around urban areas
has primarily been in response to the growing consumer demand for poultry meat and egg. At present there
are 51 hatcheries with production potential of approximately 25 million chicks per year, 147 feed mills with
a capacity of approximately 600,000 M.T. feed a year. At present the total poultry population is 22790224
chickens. Out ofthat 6643350 are laying hens which produce 756.5 thousand M.T. eggs and 15.7 thousand
MT meat. More than 32,928 persons have received direct employment in commercial poultry production and
marketing alone. Beside direct employment poultry provide employment opportunities at different levels to
approximately to 66000 people. The chemical composition of edible parts of hen's egg has high nutritive and
low caloric value, so it is easy to digest. Even poultry manure has high fertilizer value and provides healthy
organic fertilizer to the soil and replaces the chemical fertilizer to some extend. Manure also used as animal
feed by recycling because it has undigested feed components. Poultry sector therefore has great potential but
the growth of this sector has been unplanned and without direction. The risk and constraints remain
paramount due to absence of clarity in government approach toward poultry production. Government should
provide adequate support to poultry sector and needs to develop its long term policy and strategy. Research,
extension and clinical services should be strengthen and need to collaborate together.

This study was undertaken to know the prospect and potential of poultry sector. The secondary data,
literature and information obtained from other related sources were reviewed. The finding showed poultry
industry becomes the third largest livestock commodity in Nepal and contribute 2.7 percent to total GOP and
6.4 percent on agriculture GOP. The rapid development of commercial poultry in and around urban areas
has primarily been in response to the growing consumer demand for poultry meat and egg. At present there
are 51 hatcheries with production potential of approximately 25 million chicks per year, 147 feed mills with
a capacity of approximately 600,000 M.T. feed a year. At present the total poultry population is 22790224
chickens. Out ofthat 6643350 are laying hens which produce 756.5 thousand M.T. eggs and 15.7 thousand
MT meat. More than 32,928 persons have received direct employment in commercial poultry production and
marketing alone. Beside direct employment poultry provide employment opportunities at different levels to
approximately to 66000 people. The chemical composition of edible parts of hen's egg has high nutritive and
low caloric value, so it is easy to digest. Even poultry manure has high fertilizer value and provides healthy
organic fertilizer to the soil and replaces the chemical fertilizer to some extend. Manure also used as animal
feed by recycling because it has undigested feed components. Poultry sector therefore has great potential but
the growth of this sector has been unplanned and without direction. The risk and constraints remain
paramount due to absence of clarity in government approach toward poultry production. Government should
provide adequate support to poultry sector and needs to develop its long term policy and strategy. Research,
extension and clinical services should be strengthen and need to collaborate together.

This study was undertaken to know the prospect and potential of poultry sector. The secondary data,
literature and information obtained from other related sources were reviewed. The finding showed poultry
industry becomes the third largest livestock commodity in Nepal and contribute 2.7 percent to total GOP and
6.4 percent on agriculture GOP. The rapid development of commercial poultry in and around urban areas
has primarily been in response to the growing consumer demand for poultry meat and egg. At present there
are 51 hatcheries with production potential of approximately 25 million chicks per year, 147 feed mills with
a capacity of approximately 600,000 M.T. feed a year. At present the total poultry population is 22790224
chickens. Out ofthat 6643350 are laying hens which produce 756.5 thousand M.T. eggs and 15.7 thousand
MT meat. More than 32,928 persons have received direct employment in commercial poultry production and
marketing alone. Beside direct employment poultry provide employment opportunities at different levels to
approximately to 66000 people. The chemical composition of edible parts of hen's egg has high nutritive and
low caloric value, so it is easy to digest. Even poultry manure has high fertilizer value and provides healthy
organic fertilizer to the soil and replaces the chemical fertilizer to some extend. Manure also used as animal
feed by recycling because it has undigested feed components. Poultry sector therefore has great potential but
the growth of this sector has been unplanned and without direction. The risk and constraints remain
paramount due to absence of clarity in government approach toward poultry production. Government should
provide adequate support to poultry sector and needs to develop its long term policy and strategy. Research,
extension and clinical services should be strengthen and need to collaborate together.

This study was undertaken to know the prospect and potential of poultry sector. The secondary data,
literature and information obtained from other related sources were reviewed. The finding showed poultry
industry becomes the third largest livestock commodity in Nepal and contribute 2.7 percent to total GOP and
6.4 percent on agriculture GOP. The rapid development of commercial poultry in and around urban areas
has primarily been in response to the growing consumer demand for poultry meat and egg. At present there
are 51 hatcheries with production potential of approximately 25 million chicks per year, 147 feed mills with
a capacity of approximately 600,000 M.T. feed a year. At present the total poultry population is 22790224
chickens. Out ofthat 6643350 are laying hens which produce 756.5 thousand M.T. eggs and 15.7 thousand
MT meat. More than 32,928 persons have received direct employment in commercial poultry production and
marketing alone. Beside direct employment poultry provide employment opportunities at different levels to
approximately to 66000 people. The chemical composition of edible parts of hen's egg has high nutritive and
low caloric value, so it is easy to digest. Even poultry manure has high fertilizer value and provides healthy
organic fertilizer to the soil and replaces the chemical fertilizer to some extend. Manure also used as animal
feed by recycling because it has undigested feed components. Poultry sector therefore has great potential but
the growth of this sector has been unplanned and without direction. The risk and constraints remain
paramount due to absence of clarity in government approach toward poultry production. Government should
provide adequate support to poultry sector and needs to develop its long term policy and strategy. Research,
extension and clinical services should be strengthen and need to collaborate together.

This study was undertaken to know the prospect and potential of poultry sector. The secondary data,
literature and information obtained from other related sources were reviewed. The finding showed poultry
industry becomes the third largest livestock commodity in Nepal and contribute 2.7 percent to total GOP and
6.4 percent on agriculture GOP. The rapid development of commercial poultry in and around urban areas
has primarily been in response to the growing consumer demand for poultry meat and egg. At present there
are 51 hatcheries with production potential of approximately 25 million chicks per year, 147 feed mills with
a capacity of approximately 600,000 M.T. feed a year. At present the total poultry population is 22790224
chickens. Out ofthat 6643350 are laying hens which produce 756.5 thousand M.T. eggs and 15.7 thousand
MT meat. More than 32,928 persons have received direct employment in commercial poultry production and
marketing alone. Beside direct employment poultry provide employment opportunities at different levels to
approximately to 66000 people. The chemical composition of edible parts of hen's egg has high nutritive and
low caloric value, so it is easy to digest. Even poultry manure has high fertilizer value and provides healthy
organic fertilizer to the soil and replaces the chemical fertilizer to some extend. Manure also used as animal
feed by recycling because it has undigested feed components. Poultry sector therefore has great potential but
the growth of this sector has been unplanned and without direction. The risk and constraints remain
paramount due to absence of clarity in government approach toward poultry production. Government should
provide adequate support to poultry sector and needs to develop its long term policy and strategy. Research,
extension and clinical services should be strengthen and need to collaborate together.

A study was carried out to evaluate production performances and economics of turkey (Meleagris gallopava)
under scavenging condition at outreach research sites of RARS, Parwanipur. Three sites; Fattepur (Bara),
Bindhyawasini (Parsa) and Saruhatha (Rautahat) were taken for the study. Three farmers were selected from
each site. One farmer was provided with one male and four female chicks to rear under scavenging
condition. Results indicated that male attained 12.89 kg (SD=0.98 kg) and female attained 5.83 kg (SD=0.24
kg) of average body weight after one year. Average egg laying was 66 (SD=9.07) in 500 days. Economic
analysis of turkey rearing suggests that an average net profit of NRs. 775.6 can be made under scavenging
conditions

A study was carried out to evaluate production performances and economics of turkey (Meleagris gallopava)
under scavenging condition at outreach research sites of RARS, Parwanipur. Three sites; Fattepur (Bara),
Bindhyawasini (Parsa) and Saruhatha (Rautahat) were taken for the study. Three farmers were selected from
each site. One farmer was provided with one male and four female chicks to rear under scavenging
condition. Results indicated that male attained 12.89 kg (SD=0.98 kg) and female attained 5.83 kg (SD=0.24
kg) of average body weight after one year. Average egg laying was 66 (SD=9.07) in 500 days. Economic
analysis of turkey rearing suggests that an average net profit of NRs. 775.6 can be made under scavenging
conditions

Surveys were carried out in the different VDCs of Manang and Mustang districts to identify the existing
production system of Bhyanglung sheep. A total of 22 farmers in Mustang and 15 farmers in Manang
district who have been involving in Bhyanglung sheep rearing were interviewed on existing production and
reproduction performances, feeding situation, and marketing system ofBhyanglung sheep. Similarly, 45 and
40 (male and female) were measured for their morphological characteristics in Mustang and Manang
districts respectively. Survey revealed that average population of sheep per household was 84.5±21.45 and
8.0 -±1.47 for Mustang and Manang district, respectively. In both districts sheep population was found in
declining trend due to lack of pasture market problem of wool, restriction on movement of the flocks with
the Chinese occupation of Tibet and sheepherding problem, internal and external parasite burden and
diseases. Average birth weight, 61h month weight, yearling weight and adult weight of male and female was
recorded 1.71 ± 0.15, 0.98 ± 0.02, 13.66 ± 0.49, 11.83 ± 0.60, 18.3 ± 1.53, 15.4 ± 1.05, and 27.9 ± 2.23,
23.6 ± 2.29 kg in Mustang district, respectively. Likewise, average birth weight, 6th month weight, yearling
weight and adult weight of male and female was recorded 2.62 ± 0.23, 2.25 ± 0.023, 9.75 ± 3.32, 8.75 ±
3.03, 17.3 ± 4.38, 16 ± 4.83, and 25.5 ± 3.32, 23.5 ± 3.84 kg for Manang district, respectively. There was
highly significant {P<O.OOl) difference in birth weight between sex and districts. Average annual wool
production of individuals (male and female) was noted to be 1.21 ±1.06, 0.7 ± 0.8 kg and l.l ± 1.25g, 0.85
± 0.22 kg in Mustang and Manang district, respectively which and was found significant difference
~P=0.008) on sex. The average age of first service, weight at first service, lambing percentage and kidding
mterval was found to be 12 ± 1.83 months, 10 ± 2.65 months, 15 ± 4.72 kg, 15 ± 4.54 kg, 74.6 ± 4.2 %, 95
± 4.04 % and 7 ± 0.1 months, 6.5 ± 0.1 months for Mustang and Manang districts, respectively.

Surveys were carried out in the different VDCs of Manang and Mustang districts to identify the existing
production system of Bhyanglung sheep. A total of 22 farmers in Mustang and 15 farmers in Manang
district who have been involving in Bhyanglung sheep rearing were interviewed on existing production and
reproduction performances, feeding situation, and marketing system ofBhyanglung sheep. Similarly, 45 and
40 (male and female) were measured for their morphological characteristics in Mustang and Manang
districts respectively. Survey revealed that average population of sheep per household was 84.5±21.45 and
8.0 -±1.47 for Mustang and Manang district, respectively. In both districts sheep population was found in
declining trend due to lack of pasture market problem of wool, restriction on movement of the flocks with
the Chinese occupation of Tibet and sheepherding problem, internal and external parasite burden and
diseases. Average birth weight, 61h month weight, yearling weight and adult weight of male and female was
recorded 1.71 ± 0.15, 0.98 ± 0.02, 13.66 ± 0.49, 11.83 ± 0.60, 18.3 ± 1.53, 15.4 ± 1.05, and 27.9 ± 2.23,
23.6 ± 2.29 kg in Mustang district, respectively. Likewise, average birth weight, 6th month weight, yearling
weight and adult weight of male and female was recorded 2.62 ± 0.23, 2.25 ± 0.023, 9.75 ± 3.32, 8.75 ±
3.03, 17.3 ± 4.38, 16 ± 4.83, and 25.5 ± 3.32, 23.5 ± 3.84 kg for Manang district, respectively. There was
highly significant {P<O.OOl) difference in birth weight between sex and districts. Average annual wool
production of individuals (male and female) was noted to be 1.21 ±1.06, 0.7 ± 0.8 kg and l.l ± 1.25g, 0.85
± 0.22 kg in Mustang and Manang district, respectively which and was found significant difference
~P=0.008) on sex. The average age of first service, weight at first service, lambing percentage and kidding
mterval was found to be 12 ± 1.83 months, 10 ± 2.65 months, 15 ± 4.72 kg, 15 ± 4.54 kg, 74.6 ± 4.2 %, 95
± 4.04 % and 7 ± 0.1 months, 6.5 ± 0.1 months for Mustang and Manang districts, respectively.

In this study attempt was made to study on the constraints and potential of Bhyanglung sheep production for
carpet production. Study was done during 2062/63 in Jumla district. Existing situation of livestock
production, feed availability, nutrient contents of feedstuff available at Jumla was studied. Study indicated
that adequate pastureland is available and about 36% of total land (66.225 ha) could be used for grazing and
major part of forest land (37%- 94369 h) could also be used as a cheaper source of feed stuffto the animals.
Total 30-pasture ranges land were available for free grazing to ruminant particularly for 52913 sheep, 69052
goats, 3407 buffaloes, 64284 cattle, and 337 Yak. Fodder available is adequate to maintain. Available feed
resources is adequate to maintain 8647427 livestock units. Fodder available in Jumla recorded high(> 10%
CP), to moderate (5-99.99 CP%) in terms of CP contents of more then 67 percent. Apple by-products were
nutritionally moderate (5-9.99% CP) in protein content. Available feed record showed the adequate feedstuff
to raise the Bhyanglung sheep including the existing sheep population in the district provided if it is
conserved for winter-feeding.
It was realized that suitability of Bhyauglung sheep in the southern slop of Himalayas and their crossbred to
be evaluated properly which is initiated at SGRP Guthichaur, Jumla.

In this study attempt was made to study on the constraints and potential of Bhyanglung sheep production for
carpet production. Study was done during 2062/63 in Jumla district. Existing situation of livestock
production, feed availability, nutrient contents of feedstuff available at Jumla was studied. Study indicated
that adequate pastureland is available and about 36% of total land (66.225 ha) could be used for grazing and
major part of forest land (37%- 94369 h) could also be used as a cheaper source of feed stuffto the animals.
Total 30-pasture ranges land were available for free grazing to ruminant particularly for 52913 sheep, 69052
goats, 3407 buffaloes, 64284 cattle, and 337 Yak. Fodder available is adequate to maintain. Available feed
resources is adequate to maintain 8647427 livestock units. Fodder available in Jumla recorded high(> 10%
CP), to moderate (5-99.99 CP%) in terms of CP contents of more then 67 percent. Apple by-products were
nutritionally moderate (5-9.99% CP) in protein content. Available feed record showed the adequate feedstuff
to raise the Bhyanglung sheep including the existing sheep population in the district provided if it is
conserved for winter-feeding.
It was realized that suitability of Bhyauglung sheep in the southern slop of Himalayas and their crossbred to
be evaluated properly which is initiated at SGRP Guthichaur, Jumla.

Cattle are important livestock species contributing considerably to the national economy in the form of milk,
manure, and draft and drought power. Recognizing the importance at national level, attention has been given
to enhance the production and productivity of cattle farming thorough the intervention in feeding, breeding,
management and health care. The findings on cattle research were reviewed aiming to facilitate in
streamlining the upcoming research and developmental efforts in this sector. This particular review is based
on the abstracts documented in the workshops proceedings, various journals and compendium of the
agricultural research prepared by the NARD F. The major focus of the breeding and genetics research on
cattle has been on the phenotypic measurement and evaluation of reproductive performance of different
breeds. However, study on breeding tools like artificial insemination, oestrous synchronization, embryo
transfer, and molecular characterization at DNA level has also received some attention. The feeds and
feeding studies have been found focused on supplements, replacement feeding, utilization of crop residue
and no conventional feed resources. Very limited studies carried out on plant secondary metabolites like
tannins. On the other hand, existing systems of production and management were studied in different
locations of the country along with recording of growth and production performance of exotic and
crossbreds. However, adequate information on draft animals and draught power technology seem still
lacking. The studies on cattle health have tried mainly to understand the epidemiology, aetiology, treatment
and control strategies of fascioliasis, mastitis and infertility with patches of work on other disease conditions
and drug efficacy. Major findings of the accomplished research on cattle were discussed briefly and future
strategy suggested.

Cattle are important livestock species contributing considerably to the national economy in the form of milk,
manure, and draft and drought power. Recognizing the importance at national level, attention has been given
to enhance the production and productivity of cattle farming thorough the intervention in feeding, breeding,
management and health care. The findings on cattle research were reviewed aiming to facilitate in
streamlining the upcoming research and developmental efforts in this sector. This particular review is based
on the abstracts documented in the workshops proceedings, various journals and compendium of the
agricultural research prepared by the NARD F. The major focus of the breeding and genetics research on
cattle has been on the phenotypic measurement and evaluation of reproductive performance of different
breeds. However, study on breeding tools like artificial insemination, oestrous synchronization, embryo
transfer, and molecular characterization at DNA level has also received some attention. The feeds and
feeding studies have been found focused on supplements, replacement feeding, utilization of crop residue
and no conventional feed resources. Very limited studies carried out on plant secondary metabolites like
tannins. On the other hand, existing systems of production and management were studied in different
locations of the country along with recording of growth and production performance of exotic and
crossbreds. However, adequate information on draft animals and draught power technology seem still
lacking. The studies on cattle health have tried mainly to understand the epidemiology, aetiology, treatment
and control strategies of fascioliasis, mastitis and infertility with patches of work on other disease conditions
and drug efficacy. Major findings of the accomplished research on cattle were discussed briefly and future
strategy suggested.

The cattle and buffalo related research undertaken by the Bovine Research Program during the year 1995 to
2006 were assessed in terms of types of projects, major findings and financial performance. Out of 31
research projects implemented in the last decade, 6l.3% were of annual nature followed by the bi-annual
and tri-annual projects ( 16.1 %) and the remaining 6.5% were long term projects running every year from the
beginning. In case of commodity wise allocation of projects, majority (77.4%) were on cattle and 22.6% on
buffalo. The station based research outplayed the on-farm study accounting 71% against the 29%. So far the
discipline specificity of accomplished research is concerned, majority (29%) were on feeds and feeding
followed by 19.3% on milk production and processing, 16.1% on livestock production and management and
12.9% related with technology verification. Furthermore, 9.7% projects were on system studies and 6.5% on
draught power. Different recommendations were made on bovine farming of which, some are already
verified and adapted successfully in the farming communities while other need further up-scaling and
dissemination. Unpredictable budget sanctioning and even uncertainty about the release of approved budget
was the common financial phenomena constraining efficient project implementation. On the other hand,
overall performance on utilization of operational bud (Jet was also found poor especially in the T ADA, books
and journal and farm maintenance subheads. A total of Rs 10.89 million have been generated through the
revenue ~ccounting almost 50% of the operational budget that is actually expensed (Rs 22.18 million).
Meanwhile, 316 calves and 602 tons of milk were produced averaging 29 calves and 55 tons of milk per
year contributing mainly to the overall revenue generated by the program.

The cattle and buffalo related research undertaken by the Bovine Research Program during the year 1995 to
2006 were assessed in terms of types of projects, major findings and financial performance. Out of 31
research projects implemented in the last decade, 6l.3% were of annual nature followed by the bi-annual
and tri-annual projects ( 16.1 %) and the remaining 6.5% were long term projects running every year from the
beginning. In case of commodity wise allocation of projects, majority (77.4%) were on cattle and 22.6% on
buffalo. The station based research outplayed the on-farm study accounting 71% against the 29%. So far the
discipline specificity of accomplished research is concerned, majority (29%) were on feeds and feeding
followed by 19.3% on milk production and processing, 16.1% on livestock production and management and
12.9% related with technology verification. Furthermore, 9.7% projects were on system studies and 6.5% on
draught power. Different recommendations were made on bovine farming of which, some are already
verified and adapted successfully in the farming communities while other need further up-scaling and
dissemination. Unpredictable budget sanctioning and even uncertainty about the release of approved budget
was the common financial phenomena constraining efficient project implementation. On the other hand,
overall performance on utilization of operational bud (Jet was also found poor especially in the T ADA, books
and journal and farm maintenance subheads. A total of Rs 10.89 million have been generated through the
revenue ~ccounting almost 50% of the operational budget that is actually expensed (Rs 22.18 million).
Meanwhile, 316 calves and 602 tons of milk were produced averaging 29 calves and 55 tons of milk per
year contributing mainly to the overall revenue generated by the program.

Dairy production is an integral component of Nepalese farming system. Milk holiday is the emerging
problem of dairy sector mainly due to inability of the existing dairy industries to utilize all fluid milk during
flush season. Farmers do not have alternatives to utilize milk during milk holidays, which causes enormous
economic losses to the milk-producing farmers. Paneer making may be an alternative to utilize surplus milk
during flush season, the byproduct of which contains high protein and could be utilized for human
consumption. The present study was undertaken to investigate the quality and economic aspects of Paneer
making from buffalo milk containing different fat levels (6.0, 3.5 and 2.0%). The study revealed that the
Paneer yield was highest (I 8%) from the milk containing the highest fat content (6%) compared to milk
containing lower fat (16.6% and 10% respectively from milk containing 3.5 and 2% fat). However,
economic analysis revealed that milk containing 3.5% fat was more economical for Paneer making
compared to milk containing either 2% or 6% fat. Overall acceptance was also better for Paneer made from
milk containing 3.5% fat.

Dairy production is an integral component of Nepalese farming system. Milk holiday is the emerging
problem of dairy sector mainly due to inability of the existing dairy industries to utilize all fluid milk during
flush season. Farmers do not have alternatives to utilize milk during milk holidays, which causes enormous
economic losses to the milk-producing farmers. Paneer making may be an alternative to utilize surplus milk
during flush season, the byproduct of which contains high protein and could be utilized for human
consumption. The present study was undertaken to investigate the quality and economic aspects of Paneer
making from buffalo milk containing different fat levels (6.0, 3.5 and 2.0%). The study revealed that the
Paneer yield was highest (I 8%) from the milk containing the highest fat content (6%) compared to milk
containing lower fat (16.6% and 10% respectively from milk containing 3.5 and 2% fat). However,
economic analysis revealed that milk containing 3.5% fat was more economical for Paneer making
compared to milk containing either 2% or 6% fat. Overall acceptance was also better for Paneer made from
milk containing 3.5% fat.

This impact study was based upon the data collected from different unit of animal science and forage
research program at RARS, Taraham. Twenty years data ( 1985/86 to 2004/05) was reviewed. A total
number of 337 male buffalo calves, 8043 piglets, 746410 day old chicks and 91.97 tons of fodder/forage
seeds were distributed to the farmers. On the other hand, 381958 litre of milk, 1022251 numbers of table
eggs, 66011.8 kg and 43389 kg of meat from culling birds and pigs respectively were sold to the people
during the study period. A total of 31 male buffalo calves, 774 piglets, 82974 of day old chicks and 10.6 ton
of fodder/forage seeds were distributed. Likewise, 25419 litre of milk. 102527 numbers of table eggs,
5403.5 kg and 32 I 8 kg meat from culling birds and pigs respectively were also sold to the consumers during
that period.

This impact study was based upon the data collected from different unit of animal science and forage
research program at RARS, Taraham. Twenty years data ( 1985/86 to 2004/05) was reviewed. A total
number of 337 male buffalo calves, 8043 piglets, 746410 day old chicks and 91.97 tons of fodder/forage
seeds were distributed to the farmers. On the other hand, 381958 litre of milk, 1022251 numbers of table
eggs, 66011.8 kg and 43389 kg of meat from culling birds and pigs respectively were sold to the people
during the study period. A total of 31 male buffalo calves, 774 piglets, 82974 of day old chicks and 10.6 ton
of fodder/forage seeds were distributed. Likewise, 25419 litre of milk. 102527 numbers of table eggs,
5403.5 kg and 32 I 8 kg meat from culling birds and pigs respectively were also sold to the consumers during
that period.

A total of 403 blood samples of cattle of different age group, breed and sex were collected from six districts
of eastern terai region namely Siraha, Udayapur, Saptari, Sunsari, Morang and Jhapa. Out of 403 cattle
included in this study, 80 ( 19.85%) cattle had detectable level of antibodies against T. annulata by SOELISA.
The highest seroprevalence (26.06%) was observed in Morang district followed by Siraha (21.43%),
Sunsari (19.67%), Jhapa (12.50%), Saptari (8.00%) and Udayapur (7.94%). Out of 134 male cattle, 28
(20.90%) and out of 269 females, 52 (19.36%) female cattle were serologically positive. The differences in
seroprevalance rates were insignificant between male and female cattle. The overall breed wise
seroprevalence ofT. annulata infection in crossbreds and indigenous cattle was recorded as 21.88 and 19.22
percent, respectively. The highes~ prevalence(~ 1.33) was recorded in >4 year's age group of cattle.

A total of 403 blood samples of cattle of different age group, breed and sex were collected from six districts
of eastern terai region namely Siraha, Udayapur, Saptari, Sunsari, Morang and Jhapa. Out of 403 cattle
included in this study, 80 ( 19.85%) cattle had detectable level of antibodies against T. annulata by SOELISA.
The highest seroprevalence (26.06%) was observed in Morang district followed by Siraha (21.43%),
Sunsari (19.67%), Jhapa (12.50%), Saptari (8.00%) and Udayapur (7.94%). Out of 134 male cattle, 28
(20.90%) and out of 269 females, 52 (19.36%) female cattle were serologically positive. The differences in
seroprevalance rates were insignificant between male and female cattle. The overall breed wise
seroprevalence ofT. annulata infection in crossbreds and indigenous cattle was recorded as 21.88 and 19.22
percent, respectively. The highes~ prevalence(~ 1.33) was recorded in >4 year's age group of cattle.

Maximum mortality was recorded in Barbari (32%) and Khari (30.64%), followed by Kika (27.27%), Sinhal
(25%) Kija (25%) and Japari (23.25%). Majority of causes of death were due to lack of milk, pneumonia,
and internal parasites including coccidia. A total of 47 fa~cal samples were examined for the presence of
parasitic eggs and coccidial oocysts. Coocidia were positive in 12(25.5%) while Strongyle sp. was found
positive in 3 samples only (6.3%). Histopathological examination of lungs samples revealed initial stage of
pneumonia in three samples while only one showed severe stage of pneumonia. Organisms isolated from 18
tissues samples (lungs, liver) from dead kids were Diplococcus sp., Staphylococcus sp. Streptococcus E.coli,
Enterobacter. Enrofloxacin, Norfloxacin and Gentamycin were found to be sensitive against isolated bacteria
where as Penicillin and erythromycin was found to be resistant. Maximum number of samples was found
positive for coccidia and Amprolium was found affective for kids. 3-care bolus was found effective to
control diarrhoea in kids. Cotrimoxazole was found effective to control high fever case with pneumonia.

Maximum mortality was recorded in Barbari (32%) and Khari (30.64%), followed by Kika (27.27%), Sinhal
(25%) Kija (25%) and Japari (23.25%). Majority of causes of death were due to lack of milk, pneumonia,
and internal parasites including coccidia. A total of 47 fa~cal samples were examined for the presence of
parasitic eggs and coccidial oocysts. Coocidia were positive in 12(25.5%) while Strongyle sp. was found
positive in 3 samples only (6.3%). Histopathological examination of lungs samples revealed initial stage of
pneumonia in three samples while only one showed severe stage of pneumonia. Organisms isolated from 18
tissues samples (lungs, liver) from dead kids were Diplococcus sp., Staphylococcus sp. Streptococcus E.coli,
Enterobacter. Enrofloxacin, Norfloxacin and Gentamycin were found to be sensitive against isolated bacteria
where as Penicillin and erythromycin was found to be resistant. Maximum number of samples was found
positive for coccidia and Amprolium was found affective for kids. 3-care bolus was found effective to
control diarrhoea in kids. Cotrimoxazole was found effective to control high fever case with pneumonia.

Paratuberculosis (Johne's disease) is a chronic granulomatous disease mainly of ruminants. An attempt was
made to study the occurrence of paratuberculosis in Nepalese goats by examining serum and faecal samples
from suspected animals of Agricultural Research Station, Bandipur, Goat market Kalanki and Livestock
service center, Lubhu, Lalitpur. Samples collected from goats of ARS, Bandipur revealed Agar gel
immunodiffusion test 2 ( 16.66%), faecal smear 4 (33.33%) and faecal culture examination 1 (8.33%)
positive. Whereas serum samples and faecal samples from goats of goat market, Kathmandu and Lubhu,
Lalitpur were detected negative for AGIO and Mycobacterium paratuberculosis organisms. This study has
indicated the presence of Caprine paratuberculosis in Nepalese goats.

Paratuberculosis (Johne's disease) is a chronic granulomatous disease mainly of ruminants. An attempt was
made to study the occurrence of paratuberculosis in Nepalese goats by examining serum and faecal samples
from suspected animals of Agricultural Research Station, Bandipur, Goat market Kalanki and Livestock
service center, Lubhu, Lalitpur. Samples collected from goats of ARS, Bandipur revealed Agar gel
immunodiffusion test 2 ( 16.66%), faecal smear 4 (33.33%) and faecal culture examination 1 (8.33%)
positive. Whereas serum samples and faecal samples from goats of goat market, Kathmandu and Lubhu,
Lalitpur were detected negative for AGIO and Mycobacterium paratuberculosis organisms. This study has
indicated the presence of Caprine paratuberculosis in Nepalese goats.

Salmonella pullorum colored antigen was prepared using standard Salmonella pullorum freeze dried seed
bacteria (SP 17) brought from Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), India. The agglutinability of
prepared antigen was compared with the antigen produced at IVRI with known positive and with positive
and negative serum from chicken. The agglutinability, of both antigens, was found to be similar. Using
antigen prepared at Animal Health Research Division, a total of 1280 birds of government and private
poultry of Kathmandu, Tarahara, Parwanipur and Chitawan of above 16 weeks of age. have been screened
for seroprevalence of pullorum disease and fowl typhoid in poultry. However, the specific type of the
disease was not identified as the serological testing does not differentiate the type of disease. Out of total
screened birds Ill (8.67%) were found positive. The entire positive cases Ill (8.67%) of birds were from
Kathmandu Valley.

Salmonella pullorum colored antigen was prepared using standard Salmonella pullorum freeze dried seed
bacteria (SP 17) brought from Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), India. The agglutinability of
prepared antigen was compared with the antigen produced at IVRI with known positive and with positive
and negative serum from chicken. The agglutinability, of both antigens, was found to be similar. Using
antigen prepared at Animal Health Research Division, a total of 1280 birds of government and private
poultry of Kathmandu, Tarahara, Parwanipur and Chitawan of above 16 weeks of age. have been screened
for seroprevalence of pullorum disease and fowl typhoid in poultry. However, the specific type of the
disease was not identified as the serological testing does not differentiate the type of disease. Out of total
screened birds Ill (8.67%) were found positive. The entire positive cases Ill (8.67%) of birds were from
Kathmandu Valley.

A total of 80 birds were examined by post mortem examination. Major diseases identified in younger and
grower birds were Collibacillosis, Gumboro disease, Leechi heart disease, Aflatoxicosis and Coccidiosis.
Salmonellosis and Marek's disease was the major disease problem in layers. Salmonella gallinarum has been
isolated from liver of dead birds. A total of 190 layer birds of 12 layer farms located at Katmandu valley was
screened for salmonellosis by using salmonella colored antigen and 56 birds (29.47 %) ~ere tested positive.
12 cloacal swabs from sero-positive reactors birds were rendered for bacteriological culture and two were
found positive. Serum samples collected from different government and private poultry farms and all the
serum samples were found negative for antibodies against avian influenza.

A total of 80 birds were examined by post mortem examination. Major diseases identified in younger and
grower birds were Collibacillosis, Gumboro disease, Leechi heart disease, Aflatoxicosis and Coccidiosis.
Salmonellosis and Marek's disease was the major disease problem in layers. Salmonella gallinarum has been
isolated from liver of dead birds. A total of 190 layer birds of 12 layer farms located at Katmandu valley was
screened for salmonellosis by using salmonella colored antigen and 56 birds (29.47 %) ~ere tested positive.
12 cloacal swabs from sero-positive reactors birds were rendered for bacteriological culture and two were
found positive. Serum samples collected from different government and private poultry farms and all the
serum samples were found negative for antibodies against avian influenza.

An investigation was carried out in six Pakhribas breed of piglets to study the effect of stinging nettle ( Urtica
dioica) feeding on health status and carcass quality. Six piglets of similar age group (3-4 months old) were
divided into two groups: treatment and control, and each comprising two males and one female. Piglets of
treatment group received 70 parts commercial feed and 30 parts Sisno (nettle) leaves (on wet matter basis)
whereas the control group received only commercial feed for seven months period. All six animals were
weighed and blood and fecal samples were collected at monthly intervals. At the end of the trial, four males
(two from each group) of both treatment and control groups were slaughtered for qualitative and quantitative
assessment of carcass. The trend of weight gain was higher in nettle fed group compared to control.
Furthermore, protein and fat contents were higher in pork of treatment group compared to control. On
sensory evaluation test, majority of the panel members liked the pork of treatment group. Furthermore, the
remaining two females of the trial were kept in the farm as replacement stock; sows oftreatment and control
groups had delivered l 0 and 7 piglets, respectively.

An investigation was carried out in six Pakhribas breed of piglets to study the effect of stinging nettle ( Urtica
dioica) feeding on health status and carcass quality. Six piglets of similar age group (3-4 months old) were
divided into two groups: treatment and control, and each comprising two males and one female. Piglets of
treatment group received 70 parts commercial feed and 30 parts Sisno (nettle) leaves (on wet matter basis)
whereas the control group received only commercial feed for seven months period. All six animals were
weighed and blood and fecal samples were collected at monthly intervals. At the end of the trial, four males
(two from each group) of both treatment and control groups were slaughtered for qualitative and quantitative
assessment of carcass. The trend of weight gain was higher in nettle fed group compared to control.
Furthermore, protein and fat contents were higher in pork of treatment group compared to control. On
sensory evaluation test, majority of the panel members liked the pork of treatment group. Furthermore, the
remaining two females of the trial were kept in the farm as replacement stock; sows oftreatment and control
groups had delivered l 0 and 7 piglets, respectively.

Marek's disease was a major threat to commercial poultry ofNepal during 1998 to 2002, particularly for egg
industries. This study was carried out during 200 I to 2003. In first phase Rispen's cell associated (a new and
effective) vaccine was identified and recommended for strategic application that gave satisfactory results
and Marek's disease incidence reduced to a minimum level. In second phase vaccine and vaccination
program at hatchery level was monitored. First vaccination in day old chicks with Rispen's vaccine and
second vaccination within seven days with HVT vaccine had showed very satisfactory results. During
monitoring, involvement of avian leucosis virus and MDV together was suspected in broiler breeder, which
was later confirmed (ALV -J) by Kimron Veterinary Institute Beta Degan, Israel by polymerase chain
reaction (PCR) test. In third phase again epidemiological survey was carried out to monitor the current
MDV events. The results of the survey revealed that where recommended strategy was followed and
practiced MD incidence rates were dropped.

Marek's disease was a major threat to commercial poultry ofNepal during 1998 to 2002, particularly for egg
industries. This study was carried out during 200 I to 2003. In first phase Rispen's cell associated (a new and
effective) vaccine was identified and recommended for strategic application that gave satisfactory results
and Marek's disease incidence reduced to a minimum level. In second phase vaccine and vaccination
program at hatchery level was monitored. First vaccination in day old chicks with Rispen's vaccine and
second vaccination within seven days with HVT vaccine had showed very satisfactory results. During
monitoring, involvement of avian leucosis virus and MDV together was suspected in broiler breeder, which
was later confirmed (ALV -J) by Kimron Veterinary Institute Beta Degan, Israel by polymerase chain
reaction (PCR) test. In third phase again epidemiological survey was carried out to monitor the current
MDV events. The results of the survey revealed that where recommended strategy was followed and
practiced MD incidence rates were dropped.

The effects of stinging nettle on immune response of broilers were investigated. Thirty birds were divided
into two groups namely treatment and control, each group comprising of 15 birds. Treatment group was fed
with 3% of nettle powder mixed with commercial broiler feed once a week whereas control group received
only commercial broiler feed. All birds were vaccinated against New Castle Disease (ND) and Infectious
Bursal Disease (IBD) with ND vaccine (Fl strain) on Day 7 and IBD vaccine (Intermediate strain) on Day
14, respectively by intraocular route. Growth performances of chicken and antibody titer against NO were
evaluated. Body weight of individual bird of both groups was recorded weekly. Sera were collected at the
end of 5th and 71h week oftrial. The haemagglutination (HA) and haemagglutination inhibition (HI) test were
carried out for ND. The treatment group (1709.64 ± 209.83g) was found to perform better than control group
(1619.33 ± 176.78g) in terms of growth performance as well as antibody titer against ND. A protective level
of antibodies was maintained in treatment group whereas control group showed low level of antibody titer.
This study indicates that nettle supplementation helps to improve immune status besides exhibiting positive
effect on growth performance.

The effects of stinging nettle on immune response of broilers were investigated. Thirty birds were divided
into two groups namely treatment and control, each group comprising of 15 birds. Treatment group was fed
with 3% of nettle powder mixed with commercial broiler feed once a week whereas control group received
only commercial broiler feed. All birds were vaccinated against New Castle Disease (ND) and Infectious
Bursal Disease (IBD) with ND vaccine (Fl strain) on Day 7 and IBD vaccine (Intermediate strain) on Day
14, respectively by intraocular route. Growth performances of chicken and antibody titer against NO were
evaluated. Body weight of individual bird of both groups was recorded weekly. Sera were collected at the
end of 5th and 71h week oftrial. The haemagglutination (HA) and haemagglutination inhibition (HI) test were
carried out for ND. The treatment group (1709.64 ± 209.83g) was found to perform better than control group
(1619.33 ± 176.78g) in terms of growth performance as well as antibody titer against ND. A protective level
of antibodies was maintained in treatment group whereas control group showed low level of antibody titer.
This study indicates that nettle supplementation helps to improve immune status besides exhibiting positive
effect on growth performance.

Nine buffalo calves were subjected to three fodder tree species namely; Nimaro (Ficus roxburghii), Dhalne
Katus (Castanopsis indica) and Rai Khanyu (Ficus cunia) for digestibility trial during November 27 to
December 3, 2005 in Regional Agricultural Research Station (RARS), Lumle, Kaski Nepal. Animals were
kept 7 days prior to adaptation for these fodders. Weighed amount of fodder tree leaves including twigs and
small branches were fed two times a day and observation on fodder offered, refused and faeces voided were
recorded daily. Chemical composition of fresh matter and faeces voided were carried out for dry matter
(OM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF), lignin, calcium (Ca)
and phosphorous (P). The mean OM content and their dry matter digestibility (DMD) of these three fodder
tree species were found 27.86, 46.02, 34.72, 73.21, 65.93 and 71.28 percent respectively. There were strong
negative correlations observed between Ca. and CP with fibre fraction (NDF and ADF). The weak
correlation was also observed between P and other constituents with respect to digestibility of constituents.
From the results, if there could be provision of low fibre content in dry season, the three main nutrients (Ca,
P and CP) may easily be absorbed by the animals.

Nine buffalo calves were subjected to three fodder tree species namely; Nimaro (Ficus roxburghii), Dhalne
Katus (Castanopsis indica) and Rai Khanyu (Ficus cunia) for digestibility trial during November 27 to
December 3, 2005 in Regional Agricultural Research Station (RARS), Lumle, Kaski Nepal. Animals were
kept 7 days prior to adaptation for these fodders. Weighed amount of fodder tree leaves including twigs and
small branches were fed two times a day and observation on fodder offered, refused and faeces voided were
recorded daily. Chemical composition of fresh matter and faeces voided were carried out for dry matter
(OM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF), lignin, calcium (Ca)
and phosphorous (P). The mean OM content and their dry matter digestibility (DMD) of these three fodder
tree species were found 27.86, 46.02, 34.72, 73.21, 65.93 and 71.28 percent respectively. There were strong
negative correlations observed between Ca. and CP with fibre fraction (NDF and ADF). The weak
correlation was also observed between P and other constituents with respect to digestibility of constituents.
From the results, if there could be provision of low fibre content in dry season, the three main nutrients (Ca,
P and CP) may easily be absorbed by the animals.

This study was conducted to find out the appropriate feeding regime for crossbred (Nepali X Jersey) cattle at
Khumaltar. Three different daily rations were formulated based on their body weight. The treatments were i)
Tl = 2/3 DM requirement from green roughage (Oat)+ 1/3 DM requirement from concentrate mixture, ii)
T2 = 2/3 DM requirement from roughage (50% green oat + 50% rice straw) + 1/3 DM requirement from
concentrate mixture and iii) T3 = 2/3 DM requirement from roughage ( rice straw) + 1/3 DM requirement
from concentrate mixture. The study was conducted in crossover design with three cows as one replicate for
three weeks. After third week the animals were changed to next treatment group. One week adaptation
period was provided for the next treatment. No significant differences (P>0.05) in milk yield were observed
among three different treatment though the average milk yield in Tl (6.3 1/d) was higher than in T2 and T3
(5.4 and 4.5 1/d). On feed cost basis per liter milk production cost from Tl (Rs. ·12.03) was the cheapest.

This study was conducted to find out the appropriate feeding regime for crossbred (Nepali X Jersey) cattle at
Khumaltar. Three different daily rations were formulated based on their body weight. The treatments were i)
Tl = 2/3 DM requirement from green roughage (Oat)+ 1/3 DM requirement from concentrate mixture, ii)
T2 = 2/3 DM requirement from roughage (50% green oat + 50% rice straw) + 1/3 DM requirement from
concentrate mixture and iii) T3 = 2/3 DM requirement from roughage ( rice straw) + 1/3 DM requirement
from concentrate mixture. The study was conducted in crossover design with three cows as one replicate for
three weeks. After third week the animals were changed to next treatment group. One week adaptation
period was provided for the next treatment. No significant differences (P>0.05) in milk yield were observed
among three different treatment though the average milk yield in Tl (6.3 1/d) was higher than in T2 and T3
(5.4 and 4.5 1/d). On feed cost basis per liter milk production cost from Tl (Rs. ·12.03) was the cheapest.

In this experiment, 15 German mixed bunnies (male & female) of 7 to 9 months of age were divided into 5
dietary groups comprising of 3 rabbits in each. The experiment was conducted for 157 days during the
winter-spring season in 2005. Animals of first diet group (D1) were fed with Hetaunda cattle feed + adlib
green grass, second diet group (D2) consisted of wheat bran + adlib green grass, third diet group (D3) had
rice bran + ad lib green grass, fourth diet group (D4) consisted of maize + adlib green grasses, and fifth diet
group (Ds) had mixed concentrate + adlib green grass. A digestibility trial for 7 day was carried out at the
end of experiment. Daily feed intake, and urine and faeces excreted by the animals were recorded. Body
weight change was recorded at 15 days interval. Feed intake in all dietary groups was not significantly
different. The average daily gain (ADG) was not significantly different as well. However, the ADG was the
highest with D3 (6.58 g/d) numerically. The lowest ADG was recorded with Dt (2.97) with lower
digestibility Co-efficient (58.11 %). Higher CP, ADF & NDF digestibility was recorded in D2 group. Feed
conversion ratio (FCR) was the best in Diet 3 ( 16.29). Fibre production was significantly higher (p<0.05) in
D5 (385±84) Fibre production was higher in Diet 5. From this evidence, it cam be suggested that D3 that
include rice bran in the diet as concentrate feed could be used for rabbit feeding as this diet group had
highest ADG, FCR lowest DMI and better digestibility ofCP,NDF and ADF.

In this experiment, 15 German mixed bunnies (male & female) of 7 to 9 months of age were divided into 5
dietary groups comprising of 3 rabbits in each. The experiment was conducted for 157 days during the
winter-spring season in 2005. Animals of first diet group (D1) were fed with Hetaunda cattle feed + adlib
green grass, second diet group (D2) consisted of wheat bran + adlib green grass, third diet group (D3) had
rice bran + ad lib green grass, fourth diet group (D4) consisted of maize + adlib green grasses, and fifth diet
group (Ds) had mixed concentrate + adlib green grass. A digestibility trial for 7 day was carried out at the
end of experiment. Daily feed intake, and urine and faeces excreted by the animals were recorded. Body
weight change was recorded at 15 days interval. Feed intake in all dietary groups was not significantly
different. The average daily gain (ADG) was not significantly different as well. However, the ADG was the
highest with D3 (6.58 g/d) numerically. The lowest ADG was recorded with Dt (2.97) with lower
digestibility Co-efficient (58.11 %). Higher CP, ADF & NDF digestibility was recorded in D2 group. Feed
conversion ratio (FCR) was the best in Diet 3 ( 16.29). Fibre production was significantly higher (p<0.05) in
D5 (385±84) Fibre production was higher in Diet 5. From this evidence, it cam be suggested that D3 that
include rice bran in the diet as concentrate feed could be used for rabbit feeding as this diet group had
highest ADG, FCR lowest DMI and better digestibility ofCP,NDF and ADF.

In this experiment, 16 Germany mixed bunny (male & female) rabbits of about 2 months of age were
divided into 4 dietary groups comprising of four bunnies in each. The Experiment was divided into 2 phases
and conducted for 91 days. First phase was for 42 day and the second phase for 49 days. In first phase,
animals of first diet group (01) were fed with 40% concentrate HCF plus 60% roughage (80% oat rye grass
kikyu and 20% clover), second diet group (02) consisted of 40% concentrate (20% RB in concentrate
mixture) plus 60% roughage (80% oat or rye grass or kikuyu and 20% clover) of total dry matter required,
third diet group (03) had 40% concentrate (40% RB in concentrate mixture) plus 60% roughage (80% oat,
rye grass, kikuyu, & 20% clover), and diet group 4 (04) consisted 40% concentrate (60% RB in concentrate
mixture) plus 60% green roughs (80% oat, or rye grass or kikuyu, and 20% clover) of total dry matter
required . In second phase, same rabbits from phase 151 were used for 49 day of experimental period.
Animals of first diet group (01) were fed with 40% HCF plus 60% roughage (80% oat or rye grass or kikyu,
and 20% white clover) of total dry matter required. Second diet group (02) consisted· of 40% concentrate
mixture containing 40% RB plus 60% roughage (80% oat or rye grass or kikuyu, and 20% white clover) of
total OM required, third diet group (03) had 50% concentrate mixture containing 40% RB, plus 50 roughage
(80% oat or rye grass or kikuyu, and 20% clover), and diet group 4 (D4) consisted of 60% roughage (80%
oat or rye grass or kikuyu, and 20% white clover). A digestibility trial for 7 day was carried out at the end of
the experiment. Daily feed intake, and urine and faeces excreted by the animals were recorded. Body weight
change was recorded at 7 day interval. In first phase the average daily weight gain was not significantly
different (p>0.05) between diet groups. Growth performance of o1 and 0 4 was almost similar which
indicated that inclusion of rice bran @ 60% in concentrate mixture is possible. Economically, D4 had
highest economic return and net income was in increasing order as the level of RB in concentrate was
increase (20, 40 and 60%). In second phase, the average daily weight gain was highest in 04 which contains
60% co~centrate .<Of 40% RB) that was superior to produce more meat them other dietary group. Feed
conversiOn . Ratio was better for diet 4 and was in decreasing order to Diet3 and diet l of 7.87, 8.49 and
?.14 respectively. Economically, among the tested feed, diet group 4 recorded significantly highest net
mcome ofRs 73.99 and lowest with diet group 1 (55.37±4.88) during the experiment period of 49 days.

In this experiment, 16 Germany mixed bunny (male & female) rabbits of about 2 months of age were
divided into 4 dietary groups comprising of four bunnies in each. The Experiment was divided into 2 phases
and conducted for 91 days. First phase was for 42 day and the second phase for 49 days. In first phase,
animals of first diet group (01) were fed with 40% concentrate HCF plus 60% roughage (80% oat rye grass
kikyu and 20% clover), second diet group (02) consisted of 40% concentrate (20% RB in concentrate
mixture) plus 60% roughage (80% oat or rye grass or kikuyu and 20% clover) of total dry matter required,
third diet group (03) had 40% concentrate (40% RB in concentrate mixture) plus 60% roughage (80% oat,
rye grass, kikuyu, & 20% clover), and diet group 4 (04) consisted 40% concentrate (60% RB in concentrate
mixture) plus 60% green roughs (80% oat, or rye grass or kikuyu, and 20% clover) of total dry matter
required . In second phase, same rabbits from phase 151 were used for 49 day of experimental period.
Animals of first diet group (01) were fed with 40% HCF plus 60% roughage (80% oat or rye grass or kikyu,
and 20% white clover) of total dry matter required. Second diet group (02) consisted· of 40% concentrate
mixture containing 40% RB plus 60% roughage (80% oat or rye grass or kikuyu, and 20% white clover) of
total OM required, third diet group (03) had 50% concentrate mixture containing 40% RB, plus 50 roughage
(80% oat or rye grass or kikuyu, and 20% clover), and diet group 4 (D4) consisted of 60% roughage (80%
oat or rye grass or kikuyu, and 20% white clover). A digestibility trial for 7 day was carried out at the end of
the experiment. Daily feed intake, and urine and faeces excreted by the animals were recorded. Body weight
change was recorded at 7 day interval. In first phase the average daily weight gain was not significantly
different (p>0.05) between diet groups. Growth performance of o1 and 0 4 was almost similar which
indicated that inclusion of rice bran @ 60% in concentrate mixture is possible. Economically, D4 had
highest economic return and net income was in increasing order as the level of RB in concentrate was
increase (20, 40 and 60%). In second phase, the average daily weight gain was highest in 04 which contains
60% co~centrate .<Of 40% RB) that was superior to produce more meat them other dietary group. Feed
conversiOn . Ratio was better for diet 4 and was in decreasing order to Diet3 and diet l of 7.87, 8.49 and
?.14 respectively. Economically, among the tested feed, diet group 4 recorded significantly highest net
mcome ofRs 73.99 and lowest with diet group 1 (55.37±4.88) during the experiment period of 49 days.

A compilation was done to find out the nutritional status of feeds and fodder available in different agroecological
zone of Nepal. Information on the nutritive value of feedstuff analyzed over the past 25 years was
compiled and categorically grouped on the basis of nutrient content such as DM, CP, NDF, ADF, Ca, and P,
and also on the basis of polyphenolics (anti-nutrient factors) such as lignin and tannin. Total 318 fodder
trees, tree fodder and climbers species, 99 local cereal grass and legumes species, 50 improved grasses and
legumes species, 14 crop-residues of different cereal and legume crops, 62 species of non-conventional
feedstuff, 42 feed ingredients of different plants and animal species, 60 commercially prepared compounded
feeds from different feed companies were statistically summarized on the basis of their nutrient content and
chemical composition. Compiled records indicated that majority of feeds and fodders (about 80 %) were
moderate to CP content (10.01 to 19.99 %), and only abo.ut 10% were inferior that content less than 10
crude protein. Likewise, about 74% fodder tree and shrubs were moderate, 40.01 to 60·% NDF, in terms of
feeding value and about 17% were in low quality. Only 18 %fodder trees contained low% of lignin and 27
% were low in quality. Among the analyzed sample, 84.51 % were good in quality which contains less than
5% tannin. Fodder trees, shrub and climber were good source of calcium. 67% moderate to high). Fodder
trees were poor in phosphorus content (97.44% contained less than 0.5 %). In this study, about 37.71 %of
local grass and legume recorded to contain more than 25 %v OM, 50% were moderate i.e. 15 to 20% and
15% were low in OM content. Locally available grasses and legume (54.54 %) recorded tow CP content.
Higher percent of grasses and legume (73.49%) recorded moderate in NDF. About 60% legumes and grasses
recorded high ADF contents. Only about 26% species contained high lignin (>20%) content. More than 97%
species recorded low calcium content. Concentrate ingredients recorded as good source of CP (.96%
moderate to high). but ingredient species were low in Ca (89%) and P (89% content (less than 2.0). More
than 53% crop residue content 5% CP and about 31% content less than 4 Percent. Residue were less
lignified with non of residue had more than 20% ADL. Residue recorded very low content of calcium but
phosphorus was similar to tree foliage and grass. Nutritional content of non-conventional feed resources
were also compiled.

A compilation was done to find out the nutritional status of feeds and fodder available in different agroecological
zone of Nepal. Information on the nutritive value of feedstuff analyzed over the past 25 years was
compiled and categorically grouped on the basis of nutrient content such as DM, CP, NDF, ADF, Ca, and P,
and also on the basis of polyphenolics (anti-nutrient factors) such as lignin and tannin. Total 318 fodder
trees, tree fodder and climbers species, 99 local cereal grass and legumes species, 50 improved grasses and
legumes species, 14 crop-residues of different cereal and legume crops, 62 species of non-conventional
feedstuff, 42 feed ingredients of different plants and animal species, 60 commercially prepared compounded
feeds from different feed companies were statistically summarized on the basis of their nutrient content and
chemical composition. Compiled records indicated that majority of feeds and fodders (about 80 %) were
moderate to CP content (10.01 to 19.99 %), and only abo.ut 10% were inferior that content less than 10
crude protein. Likewise, about 74% fodder tree and shrubs were moderate, 40.01 to 60·% NDF, in terms of
feeding value and about 17% were in low quality. Only 18 %fodder trees contained low% of lignin and 27
% were low in quality. Among the analyzed sample, 84.51 % were good in quality which contains less than
5% tannin. Fodder trees, shrub and climber were good source of calcium. 67% moderate to high). Fodder
trees were poor in phosphorus content (97.44% contained less than 0.5 %). In this study, about 37.71 %of
local grass and legume recorded to contain more than 25 %v OM, 50% were moderate i.e. 15 to 20% and
15% were low in OM content. Locally available grasses and legume (54.54 %) recorded tow CP content.
Higher percent of grasses and legume (73.49%) recorded moderate in NDF. About 60% legumes and grasses
recorded high ADF contents. Only about 26% species contained high lignin (>20%) content. More than 97%
species recorded low calcium content. Concentrate ingredients recorded as good source of CP (.96%
moderate to high). but ingredient species were low in Ca (89%) and P (89% content (less than 2.0). More
than 53% crop residue content 5% CP and about 31% content less than 4 Percent. Residue were less
lignified with non of residue had more than 20% ADL. Residue recorded very low content of calcium but
phosphorus was similar to tree foliage and grass. Nutritional content of non-conventional feed resources
were also compiled.

A study was conducted to know the effect of colour on growth rate and egg production of Giriraja chicken,
maintained at Poultry Research Program, RARS, Tarahara. 'Observation was taken on 2.11 chicks of Giriraja
chicken. The average body weight at day old, 211d, 4th, 6th, 8th, lOth and 1ih weeks were measured. The birds
were divided in to 4 colour groups viz; Red, Black, Dark black with white spot (Koude) and Ash colour. The
average body weights at day old were 0.35±0.025, 0.43±0.026, 0.42±0.01, 0.48±0.03Kg. in Red , Black,
Dark black with white spot(Koude), and Ash colour respectively, which was significantly different between
the groups. The average weight of chicks at 4th week, 8th week and 12th week were
0.82±0.049,0. 790.051 ,0.86±0.052, 1.07±0.244; 1. 74±0.08, 1.81±0.04, 1.88±0.09 , 1. 74±0.08, and 2.29±0.03,
2.04±0.15, 2.02±0.08 and 2.00±0.07 Kg. in Red, Black, Dark black with white spot(Koude) and Ash color
respectively. The statistical analysis revealed that from 2nd to 12th week there were not significantly different
between the colour group in body weight. At 13 weeks of age chicks were divided in 4 groups according to
their colour. The hen day production performance was recorded. The overall hen day production
performance was 45 percent. In four different colour groups hen day production percentage were 48, 41, 43
and 55 for the colour group Koude. Black, Ash, and Red respectively. The analysis on egg production
showed that non-significant difference between the colour groups. As the variation in growth and egg
production between the groups was non-significant, the choice of colour might be merely the farmer's
preference on colour

A study was conducted to know the effect of colour on growth rate and egg production of Giriraja chicken,
maintained at Poultry Research Program, RARS, Tarahara. 'Observation was taken on 2.11 chicks of Giriraja
chicken. The average body weight at day old, 211d, 4th, 6th, 8th, lOth and 1ih weeks were measured. The birds
were divided in to 4 colour groups viz; Red, Black, Dark black with white spot (Koude) and Ash colour. The
average body weights at day old were 0.35±0.025, 0.43±0.026, 0.42±0.01, 0.48±0.03Kg. in Red , Black,
Dark black with white spot(Koude), and Ash colour respectively, which was significantly different between
the groups. The average weight of chicks at 4th week, 8th week and 12th week were
0.82±0.049,0. 790.051 ,0.86±0.052, 1.07±0.244; 1. 74±0.08, 1.81±0.04, 1.88±0.09 , 1. 74±0.08, and 2.29±0.03,
2.04±0.15, 2.02±0.08 and 2.00±0.07 Kg. in Red, Black, Dark black with white spot(Koude) and Ash color
respectively. The statistical analysis revealed that from 2nd to 12th week there were not significantly different
between the colour group in body weight. At 13 weeks of age chicks were divided in 4 groups according to
their colour. The hen day production performance was recorded. The overall hen day production
performance was 45 percent. In four different colour groups hen day production percentage were 48, 41, 43
and 55 for the colour group Koude. Black, Ash, and Red respectively. The analysis on egg production
showed that non-significant difference between the colour groups. As the variation in growth and egg
production between the groups was non-significant, the choice of colour might be merely the farmer's
preference on colour